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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations. Example Question. The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their Conversion to Islam Superior naval technology Use of Calvary Centralized political systems Knowledge of Africa .

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

  2. Example Question • The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their • Conversion to Islam • Superior naval technology • Use of Calvary • Centralized political systems • Knowledge of Africa

  3. Early Agricultural Society in Africa • Climatic change and the development of agriculture in Africa • Sahara region used to be grassy steppe lands with water (10,000 B.C.E.) • Abundant hunting, fishing, wild grains • Climate becomes hotter and drier after 5000 B.C.E. • People are driven into river regions--Nile • Annual flooding makes rich soil for agriculture

  4. The Nile

  5. “Gifts of the Nile” • Egypt-lower third of Nile River; Nubia-middle third of Nile • After 5000 B.C.E. peoples cultivate gourds and watermelons, domesticate donkeys and cattle (from Sudan), and grow wheat and barley (from Mesopotamia) • Agriculture easy in Egypt (due to Nile flooding) but more work in Nubia

  6. The Unification of Egypt • Strong Nubian realm, Ta Seti (3400-3200 B.C.E.) • Egypt, large and prosperous state by 3100 B.C.E. • Pharaoh, absolute ruler and owns all land • Archaic Period (3100-2660 B.C.E.) and Old Kingdom (2660-2160 B.C.E.) • Great pyramids of Giza built during this period; Khufu the largest • Nubia later develops into Kingdom of Kush

  7. Great Pyramids

  8. Turmoil and Empire • Period of upheaval after Old Kingdom (2160-2040 B.C.E.) • Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 B.C.E.) • New Kingdom (1550-1070 B.C.E.) • Pharaoh gains power, huge army, large bureaucracy • Egyptians driven out of Nubia in 1100 B.C.E. • Nubian Kingdom of Kush; capital is Napata

  9. Complex Societies/ Cultural Traditions • Cities are not as prominent in Egypt as in Mesopotamia (agricultural villages) • Memphis, head of the delta • Thebes, administrative center of Upper Egypt • Nubian cities • Kerma, dominates trade routes • Napata, most prosperous city after Nubian conquest of Egypt

  10. Complex Societies/ Cultural Traditions • Social classes • Egypt: peasants and slaves (agriculture), pharaoh, professional military and administrators • Nubia: complex and hierarchical society (can tell from tombs) • Patriarchy in both but women have more influence than in Mesopotamia • Women act as regents, like female pharaoh Hatshepsut • Nubia: women serve as queens, priestesses, and scribes

  11. Economic specialization and trade • Iron metallurgy develops independently in Sudan • Transportation: sailboats, carts, and donkey caravans • Trade networks • Egypt and Nubia: exotic goods from Nubia (ebony, gold, gems, slaves) and pottery, wine, linen, decorative items from Egypt • Egypt and the north: especially wood, like cedar from Lebanon

  12. Early writing in the Nile valley • Hieroglyphics found on monuments and papyrus by 3200 B.C.E. • Nubia adapts Egyptian writing until Meroitic in fifth century B.C.E. (untranslated)

  13. Organized Religious Traditions • Principal gods: sun gods Amon and Re • Brief period of monotheism: Aten • Orders all other gods' names chiseled out; their names die with him • Mummification • Cult of Osiris • Brother Seth murders Osiris and scatters his body • Becomes associated with Nile, crops, life/death, immortality • Nubians combine Egyptian religions with their own

  14. Religion

  15. Bantu Migrations • Bantu--language group from west central Africa • Live along banks of rivers; use canoes • Cultivate yams and oil palms • Live in clan-based villages • Trade with hunting/gathering forest people • By 1000 B.C.E. occupy most of Africa south of the equator

  16. Map

  17. Bantu Features • Features of the Bantu • Use canoes and settle along banks of rivers; spread from there • Agricultural surplus causes them to move inland from rivers • Become involved in trade • Bantu rate of migration increases after 1000 B.C.E. due to appearance of iron • Iron tools allow them to clear more land for agriculture • Iron weapons give them stronger position

  18. Persian Chart- Group Activity • Discuss with group and then answer these questions… • P- Were the political institutions of Mesopotamia and Egypt similar? Explain. • E- Describe the differences in the economies of Mesopotamia and Egypt. • R- List similarities of each belief system. • S- Explain the role of women in Mesopotamia and Egypt. What accounts for the difference? • I- In terms of intellect, which early civilization had the more intellectual society? Why? • A- How did art reflect life in both Mesopotamia and Egypt? • N- Describe how the environment of both Mesopotamia and Egypt shaped human activities.

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