CHAPTER 22

1. CHAPTER 22 THE COLD WAR BEGINS (1945 - 1960)

2. 22.1 – ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR • Yalta Conference – US, GB, and USSR met at Yalta in 1945 (Feb.) to discuss the postwar world • Topics included: • Poland • Germany • National rights

3. 22.1 – WHAT TO DO ABOUT POLAND? • Stalin insisted that Poland’s location made it crucial to Soviet security • WC and FDR agreed to recognize the Polish gov’t set up by the Soviets • Stalin agreed that the new gov’t would include prewar Polish gov’t members and free elections would be held

4. 22.1 – WHAT TO DO WITH GERMANY? • Divided into 4 zones: • British • American • French • Soviet • Berlin itself was also divided into 4 zones • A big issue that caused problems between the USSR and the other three was reparations

5. POSTERS FOR 22.1 • Tensions Begin (p.762) – Romania, Poland, attitudes as end of the war approached (A1, A2) • Soviet Security Concerns (762) – Soviet goals, Soviet attitude about communismand capitalism (B1, B2) 3. American Economic Issues (762-763) – Connection between GD and WWII, importance of int’l trade, importance of democracy and free enterprise (C1, C2) 4. Truman Takes Control (763-764) – HT’s views on communism, cause of WW II and connection to the USSR, meeting with Molotov (D1, D2) 5. Potsdam Conference (764-765) – who?, when?, where? Deal reached? (E1, E2) 6. Iron Curtain Descends (765) – free elections in Eastern Europe?, satellite nations, WC’s speech and the origins of the term Iron Curtain, meaning of the term (F1,F2)

6. 22.2 – EARLY COLD WAR YEARS • George Kennan • Wrote the “Long Telegram” • Developed the policy of containment • What was it? • Basis of U.S. Policy throughout the Cold War

7. 22.2 – TRUMAN DOCTRINE • During 1946 the U.S. was concerned about Soviet actions and communist activities in the Middle East and SE Europe • Iran, Turkey, Greece • March 12, 1947 – HT asked Congress for money to fight Communism in Greece and Turkey • In the speech he laid out his doctrine; the goal was to: “free all people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” --- what does this mean for U.S. policy going forward?

8. 22.2 – MARSHALL PLAN • George Marshall (Sec. of State) – proposed a plan to help struggling, postwar Europe • What problems was Europe having? • Combined with the Truman Doctrine, it was seen as crucial to containment (why?) • MP was rejected by the USSR and its satellites • it pumped billions into Western Europe • HT launched the “Point 4 Program” for nations outside the war zone US video about Truman Plan/Marshall Plan Video about aid/country

9. 22.2 – BERLIN AIRLIFT • Opposing Soviet and American views about Germany? • 1948 – GB, US, Fr. announced they were merging their zones in Germany, and in Berlin • Creation of the new country of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

10. 22.2 – BERLIN AIRLIFT cont. • This decision outraged the Soviets….reparations • USSR cut off all road/rail traffic to West Berlin • U.S. response: • Sent bombers with atomic weapons to bases in GB • Supplies were flown into Berlin • Airlift lasted from June 1948-Spring of 1949 • Soviets lifted the blockade in May of 1949 US video about BA and NATO

11. 22.2 – COMMUNISM IN CHINA • U.S. sent aid to the Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) fighting the Communists (Mao Zedong) in the 1940s • People’s Republic of China set up in 1949 (Mao wins) • Nationalists fled to the island of Formosa/Taiwan • 1950 – USSR and PROC signed a treaty of friendship and alliance

12. 22.2 – AMERICAN POLICY IN JAPAN • Gen. MacArthur was in charge of America’s “occupation” of Japan • Introduce democracy • Prevent Japanese threat in future • Rebuild economy/nation • Japan goes from being an enemy to a potential strong ally in Asia

14. 22.2 – KOREAN WARsee graphic organizer

15. YALTA CONFERENCE

16. BERLIN AIRLIFT

17. CREATION OF THE PROC

18. DROPPING OF THE BOMBS ON HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

19. NORTH KOREAN TROOPS INVADE SOUTH KOREA

20. LANDING AT INCHON

21. ARMISTICE SIGNED ENDING THE KOERAN WAR

22. FORMATION OF SEATO

23. CURRENT ISSUES IN NORTH KOREA • NK’s missile capabilities • How war might unfold • Propaganda in NK • Who has nuclear weapons? • Nuclear Weapons tests

24. 22.3 – THE COLD WAR & AMERICAN SOCIETY • Red Scare – began in the mid-1940s with the Gouzenko case • Fear of the spread of communism; find them and expose them • Major concerns about subversion

26. 22.3 – TRUMAN & THE RED SCARE • HT creates the Loyalty Review Program • Screens all federal employees • How do you define acceptable behavior? • Too much power for the gov’t? (FBI) • Program actually increases public fears about the spread of communism

27. 22.3 SEARCHING OUT COMMUNISTS HUAC ROSENBERGS ALGER HISS

28. 22.3 SEARCHING OUT COMMUNISTS • Many other steps were taken by other groups/institutions to ferret out suspected communists: • U. of California – loyalty oaths • Church affiliation • Taft Hartley Act - 1947

29. 22.3 JOSEPH McCarthy • Senator from Wisconsin • Claimed to have a list of communists in the State Department (1950) • made a career out of going after communists/suspected communists • Greatly influences society, public debate (ex. McCarran Act)

30. 22.3 JOSEPH McCarthy • Becomes chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations • Carried out a “witch hunt”; destroyed reputations • Tactics are known as “McCarthyism” • He was finally censured by the Senate in 1954; lost public support (died in 1957)

31. 22.4 – EISENHOWER’S POLICIES • Election of 1952 – Eisenhower defeats Stevenson • Why didn’t Truman run? • Wanted: • Technology to deliver nukes • Use of covert operations (CIA) • Strong economy (benefits at home and abroad) • Believed • Relying solely on a large military/conventional war was too expensive • Containment could not be maintained through a series of small wars (too unpopular/expensive) • Policy of massive retaliation was more effective – threatening the use of nuclear weapons • He cut military spending by millions while simultaneously increasing the nuclear arsenal (history of nuclear testing)

32. 22.4 – EISENHOWER’S POLICIES • John Foster Dulles – key figure in foreign policy during the 1950s • Believed strongly in the policy of brinkmanship – willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down (quote on p.783)

33. 22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - KOREA • Ike wanted to end the costly/unpopular war • “hinted” to China use nuclear weapons to end it • 1953 – armistice is signed; establishment of the DMZ

34. 22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - TAIWAN • 1954 – PROC started shelling islands part of Taiwan • Ike has Congress authorize the use of force • Told China the U.S. would use force (naval, nuclear) to defend Taiwan • China backed down

35. 22.4 – BRINKMANSHIP IN ACTION - EGYPT • Ike wanted to stabilize the Middle East against communism • 1956 – Soviets threatened to bomb British and French that invaded Egypt • Ike put U.S. forces on “nuclear alert” and pressured the British and French to leave Egypt

36. 22.4 – COVERT OPERATIONS • Ike supported the use of covert operations to prevent communist uprisings in foreign countries (nukes made no sense in these cases-why not?) • CIA became involved in “developing nations” • Why were they especially “vulnerable” to communism? • Exs. • Iran • Guatemala • Eastern Europe (Hungary)

37. 22.4 – EISENHOWER DOCTRINE • ED – “use of force whenever necessary to assist Middle East nations resisting Communist aggression” • Prompted by events in Egypt • An extension of the Truman Doctrine and containment to the Middle East

38. 22.4 – COLD WAR HEATS UP • 1957 - Sputnik – first satellite ever launched into space • Caused major concerns in the U.S. • 1957/1958 – Nikita Khrushchev vowed to “crush capitalism” and demanded withdrawal of Allied troops from West Berlin • 1960 – U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviets • Khrushchev cancelled a summit with Ike • Ike left office in 1961 and warned against the influence of the “military-industrial complex”