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Addressing Metadata in the MPEG-21 and PDF-A ISO Standards NISO Workshop: Metadata on the Cutting Edge May 2004 William G. LeFurgy U.S. Library of Congress wlef@loc.gov. Presentation Overview.

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Presentation Overview

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  1. Addressing Metadata in the MPEG-21 and PDF-A ISO StandardsNISO Workshop: Metadata on the Cutting EdgeMay 2004William G. LeFurgyU.S. Library of Congresswlef@loc.gov

  2. Presentation Overview • Outline metadata approaches in two developing International Organization for Standardization specifications: • MPEG-21 (ISO 21000) • PDF-A (ISO 19005) • Highlight some practical advantages and disadvantages of both • My personal views, not those of LC MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  3. Issues to Keep in Mind • Specs are in process: parts of MPEG-21 await initial approval; PDF-A is not yet approved • Limited implementation experience • Different communities have not yet compared different standards in detail • Landscape is sure to change over next several years MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  4. MPEG Background • Series of standards from Moving Picture Experts Group • MPEG-1, -2: Coding methods to compress A/V streams (DVD, digital TV, MP3 audio) • MPEG-4: Compression plus ability to interact with A/V objects (Quicktime 6, iTunes AAC) • MPEG-7: Standard way to represent/bundle multimedia objects using XML; useful for indexing, searching, distributing content MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  5. MPEG-21 Overview • Builds on MPEG-7 use of XML to define/constrain/bundle multimedia objects (text, video, audio, etc.) • Also defines how any kind of user can interact with content • A comprehensive framework to enable interoperable but controlled use of content from creation, distribution, and consumption • Protection of commercial IP rights is central MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  6. MPEG-21 Features • Multiple modular parts • Part 2, Digital Item Declaration Language (DIDL) uses XML to express content elements, e.g.: • Container (items grouped as a logical package) • Item (a logical work) • Statement (descriptive, administrative metadata) • Part 3, Digital Item Identification states how to link unique identifiers to items MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  7. From: http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-21/image004.gif MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  8. MPEG-21 Rights Expression Language • Part 5, Details “machine readable language to declare rights and permissions” • Aims to support end-to-end interoperability with access and use controls • Uses ContentGuard/Microsoft XrML (Extensible Rights Markup Language) spec MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  9. The REL Data Model From: http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-21/image008.gif MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  10. Digital Repositories and MPEG-21 • Los Alamos National Laboratory uses spec to represent and manage complex digital objects • Serves to package objects for repository submission, storage, and dissemination as outlined in OAIS model • Accommodates existing metadata records and enables capture of life cycle management metadata • Also used in conjunction with NISO OpenURL and OAI-PMH MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  11. MPEG-21 Pros and Cons • Pro • International standard • Broad commercial support for earlier MPEG specs • Packages any type of complex digital object per OAIS • Powerful and flexible means to express descriptive, structural, administrative, and other metadata • Con • Complex and highly technical • Few tools currently exist • Unclear now the extent to which spec will be adopted • Strong emphasis on commercial rights protection? MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  12. PDF-A Background • Goal is to define use of Adobe PDF version 1.4 for long-term preservation purposes • Effort stems from extensive use of PDF as primary format for records and documents that require long-term retention • Standard is being developed by ISO working group with representatives from government, industry, academia MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  13. PDF-A Overview • Defines a constrained version of PDF that should remain viable for many years: • Audio and video content are forbidden • Javascript and executable file launches are prohibited • All fonts must be embedded and also must be legally embeddable for unlimited, universal rendering • Colorspaces specified in a device-independent manner • Encryption is disallowed • Requires a standards-based approach to metadata MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  14. PDF-A Metadata Features • Based on Adobe Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) • XMP is based on Resource Description Framework (RDF) and XML specifications • Adobe has defined core schemas (descriptive, media management, rights management, etc.) • XMP permits broad extensibility for defining customized schemas • Provides for embedding XML text packets in binary PDF files MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  15. Digital Repositories and PDF-A • Not yet tested in a repository context… • …But repositories are (or will soon be) rife with PDF files from e-government, online publishing, and business workflow activities • PDF-A addresses conceptual repository needs for a stable file format with rich descriptive and administrative metadata MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  16. PDF-A Pros and Cons • Pro • International standard (pending) • Broad commercial support for Adobe PDF spec • Meets many user needs across the digital life cycle • Powerful and flexible means to express descriptive and administrative metadata • Con • Complex and highly technical • Few tools currently exist • Unclear now the extent to which spec will be adopted • XMP limitations for validating metadata • Requires another standard to package items per OAIS MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  17. Further Information: MPEG-21 • MPEG-21 Overview v.5: http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-21/mpeg-21.htm • Using MPEG-21 DIDL to Represent Complex Digital Objects in the Los Alamos National Laboratory Digital Library http://tinyurl.com/22e65 • Using MPEG-21 DIP and NISO OpenURL for the Dynamic Dissemination of Complex Digital Objects in the Los Alamos National Laboratory Digital Library http://tinyurl.com/2klwz • From MPEG-1 to MPEG-21 http://tinyurl.com/3brc8 MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

  18. Further Information: PDF-A • PDF-A Committee web site: http://www.aiim.org/standards.asp?ID=25013 • PDF-A: Developing a File Format for Long-Term Preservation http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews7-6.html#feature1 • Adobe XMP web site http://www.adobe.com/products/xmp/main.html MPEG-21 and PDF-A Metadata

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