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General Biology

General Biology. Properties of Water. I. Water is an important topic to biologists Life on earth probably evolved in water . Living cells are 70% or more water. Water covers about 75% of the earth. In nature, water naturally exists in all three physical states of matter.

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General Biology

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  1. General Biology Properties of Water

  2. I. Water is an important topic to biologists • Life on earth probably evolved in water. • Living cells are 70% or more water. • Water covers about 75% of the earth. • In nature, water naturally exists in all three physical states of matter. • Water has very special molecular interactions.

  3. II. Water is Polar A. Water and Hydrogen Bonding • The polar molecules of water are held together by hydrogen bonds. • Positively charged H of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged O of another water molecule. • Each water molecule can form a maximum of four hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules.

  4. Water has special properties as a consequence of its polarity. 1. Has cohesive behavior 2. Resists changes in temperature 3. Has a high heat of vaporization and cools surface as it evaporates. 4. Expands when it freezes 5. Is a versatile solvent.

  5. 1. Cohesion • Phenomenon of a substance being held together by hydrogen bonds. • Enough water molecules are hydrogen bonded together to give water more structure than other liquids. • Surface tension is a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

  6. 2. Water helps regulate temperatures on Earth • Heat and Temperature have a Relationship • Kinetic Energy – The energy of motion • Heat – Total kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter • Temperature – Measure of heat intensity due to the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter.

  7. 3. Water’s High Specific Heat • Water has a high specific heat, it resists temperature changes when it absorbs or releases heat. • Specific Heat – Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for one gram of a substance to change its temperature by one degree Celsius. • For water – One calorie per gram per degree Celsius.

  8. Because of hydrogen bonding – takes a large heat loss or gain for each 1C change in temperature. • Hydrogen bonds must absorb heat to break, and they release heat when they form. • Keeps temperature fluctuations within a range suitable for life.

  9. Evaporative cooling • Vaporization (evaporation) – transformation from liquid to a gas. • Molecules with enough kinetic energy to overcome the mutual attraction of molecules in a liquid, can escape into the air. • Heat of vaporization – Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to the gaseous state.

  10. To evaporate water, hydrogen bonds must break which requires heat energy. • Evaporative cooling – cooling of a liquid’s surface when a liquid evaporates. • Great example is when you get out of the shower.

  11. Water has a high heat of vaporization which; • Moderates the Earth’s climate • Stabilizes temperature in aquatic ecosystems. • Helps organisms from overheating.

  12. 5. Water is the solvent of life • Solution – A liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances. • Solvent – Dissolving agent of a solution. • Solute – Substance dissolved in a solution. • Aqueous Solution – Solution in which water is the solvent

  13. Hydrophilic • Water loving, property of having an affinity for water. • Ionic and polar substances • Hydrophobic • Water fearing, not water-soluble. • Nonpolar compounds

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