Responsible Conduct of Research

1. Responsible Conduct of Research Dr. Jean Hillstrom Chair, Social Science Department CUNY IRB Vice Chair

2. Responsible Conduct of Research • Bridges RCR components: • Treatment of Data (CITI RCR, HSR, The Lab, Notebook training) • How to Conduct & Report Research (CITI RCR, HSR, The Lab) • Human and Animal subjects (CITI HSR, ppt) • Mentoring, Plagiarism, Authorship & Peer Review (CITI RCR, The Lab, Fall 2015 module) • Cloning, Gene Therapy (Fall 2015 module) • Scientific Misconduct (CITI RCR, The Lab, ppt) • Safe Lab Practices (RSA module) • Conflicts of Interest (CITI RCR)

3. CITI program • CITI program training: http://www.cuny.edu/research/compliance/training-education/citi-training.html • Register for RCR: CUNY Researchers • Register for HSR Basic Course: Undergraduate students • The Lab: http://ori.hhs.gov/thelab

4. Research Ethics • Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific research. These include the design and implementation of research involving: • human experimentation, • animal experimentation, and/or • academic scandal such as: • fraud • fabrication of data • plagiarism

5. Research Ethics Who cares? http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/01/05/autism.vaccines/

6. Tom the Dancing Bug

8. Research Ethics Animal Research

9. Research Ethics: Animal Research Harlow’s studies: http://www.schooltube.com/video/4829069e4257a0069e38/Harlows-Studies-on-Dependency-in-Monkeys Questions: • What was Harlow studying? • Why did he study animals and not humans? • Was his research conducted ethically? • Could this study have been conducted in a more ethical way?

10. Research Ethics: Animal Research • Animal Research Regulations • Animal Care Act 1966 • IACUC http://www.iacuc.org/index.htm

11. Research Ethics human Research

12. Research Ethics: Research on Humans • Regulations 1974 - National Research Act (45CFR46) • History • Tuskegee syphilis study • The Milgram Studies • The Stanford Prison Experiment

13. Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) • 399 poor black men with syphilis. • Given free medical exams, free meals and free burial insurance. • Were told they were being treated for "bad blood“ (never told they had syphilis).

14. Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972)

15. Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) • 1972 Newspaper article and public outcry • 1973 Senate hearings on human experiments • Study stopped • Lifetime medical treatment guaranteed for survivors • 1975 Affected wives and children given medical treatment • Questions: • What was the objective of the study? • Was this research conducted ethically? • Could this study have been conducted in a more ethical way?

16. The Milgram Studies (1963) • Milgram recruited 40 men from all walks of life to take part in the study. • These participants were then placed in the role of “teacher” and took part in an experiment in which they believed they were studying the effects of punishment upon learning. • Consent was obtained; deception was used; subjects were debriefed • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOYLCy5PVgM

17. The Milgram Studies (1963) • 65% of the participants in the study went all the way to 450-volt shocks. • Women and college students also showed similar results in later studies. • Questions: • What was the objective of the study? • Was this research conducted ethically? • Could this study have been conducted in a more ethical way?

18. Stanford Prison Study (1971) Zimbardo randomly assigned university students to role-play being either guards or prisoners. Guards were given uniforms, whistles, and clubs and were told to enforce the rules. Prisoners were given uniforms and locked in cells. Subjects did consent and were debriefed. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZwfNs1pqG0

19. Although this study was originally planned for 2 weeks after only 6 days they had to stop the study because of the hostility of the prison guards and the mental and physical deterioration of the prisoners. Questions: What was the objective of the study? Was this research conducted ethically? Could this study have been conducted in a more ethical way? Stanford Prison Study (1971)

20. Research Ethics: Research on Humans • Jane Elliot’s “Blue Eyes, Brown Eyes” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hqp6GnYqIjQ • Questions: • Was this a research study? • Was this conducted ethically? • Could this have been done in a more ethical way?

21. Research Ethics: Research on Humans In 2000 a reporter for the New York Times, developing an article about gay and lesbian teenagers and the Internet, posted a notice in an on-line chat room. The reporter received responses from a number of adolescents, and followed up by meeting and talking with them. She learned that the Internet was helpful to many children with questions about their sexual identity. For example, children who worried about their homosexual interests found support from others in similar situations. Many found consolation in discovering they were not "the only one". Some were developing mutual interests and even falling in love.

22. Questions: • Issues • Was this a research study? • Was this conducted ethically? • Could this have been done in a more ethical way?

23. “The Lab” • The Lab: http://ori.hhs.gov/thelab