A History of Nursing How Did We Get Here?

1. A History of Nursing How Did We Get Here?

2. Early American DD Nursing1700- 1900 • Individuals were sent to mental hospitals • Nurses were untrained often were patients themselves “ greater number were ignorant and often vicious women, recruited form very low class of society” • Ratio of trained nursing staff to patients 1/50. • Individuals were placed in straitjackets, iron collars, enclosed cribs , and other restraints • No distinction made between Mentally Ill and Mentally Retarded

3. Dorothea Dix 1802-1877 • Changed view on mental and developmental disabilities • From wear housing and inhumane treatment • Saw MR as “consequence of depravity and intemperate parenting” • Advocated separate living and education • Established institutional model

4. DD Nursing 20th Century

5. 20th Century DD nursing • Colony Plan- Templeton Colony • Medical Model- MR is an illness. Doctors determine all care provided • Multidiciplinary approach- (1920)- Dr would ask for assessments from other disciplines and as “team leader” determine course of action • Interdisciplinary approach-(1945)- individual assessments and through meeting joint decision of best plan • Transdiciplinary ( 1970)-UCP&ARC nurses in Wisconsin evolved approach. Blurring of professional bountries, involving family and individual

6. Social Changes • President Kennedy ( 1960) expanded services • delineation of 4 principles- normalization(SRV) developmental model, least restrictive environment, mainstreaming • Deinstitutionalization • result of exposes • Willowbrook • Christmas in Purgatory • Consent decrees • Medicaid reforms- Community medicaid waiver

7. Christmas in Purgatory

8. Christmas in Purgatory

9. Uniforms Caps And other Traditions

10. Characteristics of a Good Nurse • Whilst recognizing the occasional utility of a man as a nurse, we are inclined to think that the occupation is one which is most safely left in the hands of women • Tall and strong, who has a certain suppleness of movement. One accustomed to play lawn-tennis, who can ride, and skate, and row, makes the best material. • If she can dance, especially if she is an enthusiastic dancer , it is a great advantage. • If in addition to being well formed she is favored with good looks, it is all in her favors, for doctors readily recognize the influence of an attractive person in the management of refractory patients.

11. Education • If the doctor will teach, and the pupil is intelligent and willing, a very servicable nurse may be improvised in a few hours. • There is not particular mystery about nursing and the technicalities are easily acquired.

12. Age Requirements • Twenty one is a good age to begin and forty is a good age at which to retire. • A women is much older than a man at the age of forty, and by that time a woman should have made some permanent provision in life for herself. Few doctors will employ old nurses, and few patients care to have them.

13. Caps • Caps were originally large to cover most of head to keep hair neat • Cap and aprons signifyed respectability, cleanliness and servitude • Later became symbolic of recognition of achievement • Capping ceremony

14. Uniforms

15. Uniforms • uniform symbolic of servant • uniform sign of respectability • “She should be always always quietly dressed….even off duty, qaudy ribbons and showy feathers do not become those”

16. Who was the first African-American army nurse?

17. Susie King Taylor • Civil War nurse • Worked in battlefields of husband’s all-black First South Carolina Volunteers

18. Who was the first paid executive secretary of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses?

19. Mabel Keaton Staupers • Took position in 1934-1946 • Born Barbados, 1890 • Worked to end segregation in nursing organizations such as the ANA, NLN • Organized first private facility in Harlem for black physicians to treat their patients

20. Who established the Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky?

21. Mary Breckinridge • Established 1925 • Healthcare to women and their families in rural Kentucky • Educated as Nurse Midwife in England • Started First School of Midwifery in the US 1939 • between 1925-1975- 17,053 births and 11 maternal deaths = well below national average

22. Frontier Nursing Service

23. Who was the superintendent of nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War?

24. Dorothea Dix • 1802-1887 • Reformer for Mental Health • Considered the “Florence Nightingale” of DD nursing • Talented administrator of health care facilities

25. Who was the first trained African-American Nurse to graduate in the US ?

26. Mary Eliza Mahoney • Graduated 1879 New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses - only one of three that completed program • ANA award in her honor given biannually to nurse for recognition of contributions in interracial relationships in nursing.

27. Who founded the Visiting Nurse Service in New York City ?

28. Lillian Wald • Champion of the urban poor • Established Henry Street Settlement in 1893 which became New York Visiting Nursing Services • Pioneer in Public Health Nursing

29. Who is considered the first hospital trained nurse in the US?

30. Linda Richards • 1873 New England Hospital for Women and Children • introduced concept of patient records • initiated practice of wearing uniforms • first stock holder of AJN

31. What Nurse died in Cuba during experiments to determine cause of yellow fever?

32. Clara Louise Maass • Died age 25 in Havanna • volunteer to be bitten by mosquito to clear up controversy over cause of yellow fever • commemorative stamp in US and Cuba • Hospital in NJ named after her (1952)

33. What nurse was the first commissioned officer in the US Army?

34. Florence Aby Blanchfield • Commissioned 1947 as a lieutenant colonel by General Eisenhower • Joined Army Nurse corp in 1917 • Assigned in France, US, Phillippines and China • Names Superintendent of Army Nurse Corps - 1943 • Expanded Army Nurse Corps from 1000 to 57,000 during WWII

35. Who Organized Nurses at the National Level?

36. Isabel Adams Hampton Robb • First President of ANA • Organized Nursing School superintendents which became the National League of Nurses • Member of committee to form the AJN

37. Who was a catalyst for the establishment by the 48th Congress of the US pensions to nurses who worked in battlefield or hospitals during the Civil War?

38. Harriet Patience Dame • General J Hooker ordered all sick and wounded soldiers to remain behind in VA. Dame organized them to help each other during 120 mile trek and won space on wagons. Saved many of their lives • Matron of Nurses of 18th Corp Hospital on Broadway at times only nurse caring for wounded • Convinced Surgeon General to equip military boats with hospital supplies and at least one surgeon on board

39. Who received the first doctorate in nursing education and from where?

40. Sister Mary B. Beck from Catholic University of America Washington DC • One of first 10 nurses to earn doctorate • first doctoral prepared nurse in religious order • Established first code of ethics for profession • establish first collegiate nursing program at Marquette University

41. Who is the mother of psychiatric nursing?

42. Hildegard Peplau • Developed “nurse-patient” relationship. Interactive process involving patients in their own care, instead of being a passive recipient • Authored classic - “Interpersonal Relations in Nursing”

43. What is the connection between the two Florida based nursesUndine Sams and Mary E. Carnegie?

44. Interracial membership in the FNA in the 1940’s • FNA one of first southern state nurses associations to become un-segregated under leadership of Sams and Carnegie

45. What nurse brought modern health care to Native Americans in the early part of the 20th century?

46. Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail • Helped to end abuses in Indian Health care system • decreased death rate of Native American children • established funding mechanism for education of native American Nurses • Presidents Award in 1992 for Outstanding Nursing Health Care.

47. Who has been the most influential nurse of the 20th century?

48. Virginia A. Henderson • Wrote the textbook on nursing practice Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing • Established tools that promoted nursing research Nursing Studies Index • Considered the Florence Nightingale of her time because of her work as a teacher and researcher

49. Who is credited with the development of the hospice movement in the United States?

50. Florence S.Wald • Developed first program in Connecticut in 1960’s • Patterned program after the successful programs in England • Currently Clinical professor of nursing at Yale University