The Role of Han-Nom (Sinitic Vietnamese & Nom Script) in Teaching Vietnamese

1. The Role of Han-Nom (Sinitic Vietnamese & Nom Script) in Teaching Vietnamese Hy Van Do (Vietnam National University) Tram Hoan Thuc Ly (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

2. Outline • Introduction: • The development of writing language system in Vietnamese history • The role of Han Viet in modern Vietnamese • The key notions • The role of Han Nom (Sinitic Vietnamese and Nom script) in Vietnamese: • Grammar • Lexicon • Culture • Conclusion:

3. Introduction (1) • The development of writing language system in Vietnamese history: • The popularity of Chinese as writing language in East Asian area • Today, in China, the only common writing language system is pronounced by many different local phonetics. • Because of historical condition and cultural interaction, Chinese influxes into Korea, Japan and Vietnam. The result is that the same Chinese character can be read in Korean pronunciation (漢朝), Japanese pronunciation (漢和) or Vietnamese pronunciation (漢越）. • The influx of Chinese into Vietnam • Language interaction between China and Vietnam began more than two thousand years ago. • More than one thousand years, Chinese was official language in Vietnam. Both of the systems of writing and phonetics are the same as the ones in China. • When Vietnam separated from China in the year of 938A.D., Chinese was still used in education, examination and administration .

4. Introduction (2) • The birth of Sinitic Vietnamese (Han Viet) • The language interaction between Vietnam and China was interrupted after Vietnamese separation. • The system of Han Viet lexicon and phonetics was formed. • The birth of Nom script • Nom script is established by Vietnamese to write Non-Han Viet words. • Nom script was used to create literature from 939 to 1945. • The Romanization of Vietnamese • Vietnamese was Romanized in the interaction with Western civilization from the 19th century. • Romanized Vietnamese (Quoc ngu) was popular in the 20th century and became official writing system after 1945.

5. A Vietnamese tombstone in the 15th century (written in Chinese, downloading in: http://dantri.com.vn/c20/s20-319729/phat-hien-2-tam-bia-co-thoi-le-so.htm)

6. The cover of a Vietnamese book edited in 1877 (written in Chinese, downloading in: www.giaphahongodapcau.com/)

7. Kim Vân Kiều tân truyện (the 18th century) (downloading in: http://sea.lib.niu.edu/nlvnpf/image.php?id=43&img=1:)

8. 戨鐭頪帀篵膯 船埃濕倘歳帆賒賒 戨 鐭 彮 搩 買 沙 花 粇 蔓 莫 別 卥 駆 兜 戨 鐭 內 礊 油 油 觮 詸 炦 坦 沒 牟 籑 籑 戨 鐭 闧 捲 炦 揷 喑 喑 曢 夲 叫 觥 皼 憹 Buồn trông cửa bể chiều hôm, Thuyền ai thấp thoáng cánh buồm xa xa. Buồn trông ngọn nước mới sa, Hoa trôi man mác biết là về đâu? Buồn trông nội cỏ dàu dàu, Chân mây mặt đất một màu xanh xanh. Buồn trông gió cuốn mặt duềnh, Ầm ầm tiếng sóng kêu quanh ghế ngồi. The correspondence between Nom script and Quoc ngu (extract from The Tale of Kieu by Nguyen Du)

9. Introduction (3) • The role of Han Viet in modern Vietnamese • Han Viet words cover from 60% to 70% modern Vietnamese vocabulary. • The misunderstanding and using Vietnamese essentially come from Han Viet words. • Han Viet in teaching Vietnamese: • It can help the learner overcome the confusion of numerous homophony. • Han Viet characters with their images and tales excite the learner. • The key notions: • Han Viet (Sinitic Vietnamese): Chinese character in Vietnamese pronunciation (now Han Viet was Romanized already, Chinese character is no more exist in Vietnamese writing system) • Nom: Vietnamese script • Quoc ngu: Romanized Vietnamese

10. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (1) • Grammar: • The unique structure of Han Viet words and their accuracy in expression: • The connection between morphemes in Han Viet words is strict and dependable. In general, the minor precedes the major. • Because of their strict grammatical relation, Han Viet words are more accurate than their non-Han Viet synonyms. • EX: Xạ thủ Đặng Thị Đông Người bắn Đặng Thị Đông • The popularity of Han Viet functional words in grammatical system: Han Viet covers one-third of Vietnamese functional words, including: • Preposition: • Preposition of place: tại (ở) (at, in, on) • Preposition of time: từ (from) • Preposition of limit: trừ (besides, except) • Preposition of cause, purpose: do, vị(vì),tại(bởi) (because of, due to)

11. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (2) • Conjunction: • Conjunction of unite relation: và (hòa), cùng (and) • Conjunction of concession: tuy, tuy vậy (though, although) • Conjunction of reason: bởi vì (because) • Conjunction of choice: hoặc – hay; hoặc giả – hay là... (or, either…or…) • Conjunction of cause and effect relation: Sở dĩ... là vì...(so, therefore, as a result) • Conjunction of presupposition: giả sử → giá như; thảng hoặc (if, supposing, in case) • Conjunction of conditional relation: trừ phi, bất luận, vô luận...(unless, no matter what/who/how, whether…or.., in any case) • Conjunction of oppositional relation (between two actions, status, characteristics): tuy, tuy nhiên (however) • Conjunction of enumeration: thí như → thí dụ (for instance, for example)

12. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (3) • Adverb: • Adverb of time: đang (đương), lập tức, tức khắc …(at once, immediately) • Adverb of progress: thường, thường thường, tái … (often, usually, again) • Adverb of limit: cơ hồ, độc, duy, bất quá,chuyên, chỉ (almost, only, nevertheless, especially)

13. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (4) • Lexicon: the most important field • The structure: • The formula “major + minor” is popular in Non-Han Viet words • EX: truyện (tale) + Kiều (proper name) phần (ware) + mềm (soft) • Sometimes, there are parallel existence of “major + minor” structure in Non-Han Viet words with “minor + major” structure in Han Viet words • EX: Kim Vân Kiều Truyện // Truyện Kiều (The Tale of Kieu) nhu liệu // phần mềm (software) hàng không mẫu hạm // tàu sân bay (aircraft carrier) • In most of the case, Han Viet word only exists in the structure of “minor + major” • EX: Chinh phụ ngâm khúc (Song of a General's Lady) vi mô (micro) vĩ mô (macro) tin học (information science) toán học (mathematics)

14. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (5) • The classification of Han Viet words • Basing on the origin of the morpheme: • Words are imported the whole character and meaning from Chinese and read in Han Viet pronunciation. EX: cộng hòa共和(republic), độc lập 獨立(independence), hạnh phúc幸福 (happiness) • Words are imported from Chinese and read in Han Viet pronunciation but have some change in the meaning. EX: phương tiện方便 (Chinese: easy, Vietnamese: way, tool) • Words are established by Vietnamese by combining two Chinese original morphemes. EX: thành phố (city) • Words are established by Vietnamese by combining a Chinese original morpheme with a Vietnamese one. EX: thầy giáo教 (teacher), ăn gian 奸 • Words are established by Vietnamese by combining a Chinese original morpheme with an European one. EX: trưởng ga (the chief of the station) (長：Chinese, ga: gare-French) • Words are established by Vietnamese by combining Han Viet morpheme pronounced in Han Viet pronunciation with a morpheme pronounced either in ancient Han Viet or Vietnamized Han Viet. EX: câu cú (sentence) （câu: Vietnamized Han Viet = cú: Han Viet pronunciation = 句), mùi vị (flavor) (mùi: ancient Han Viet = vị: Han Viet pronunciation = 味).

15. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (6) • Basing on the used context • Words in everyday language • The mixture of Han Viet words and Non-Han Viet words in some categories. • EX: Category of body: Han Viet words: đầu (head), thân (body), tứ chi (four arms), mi (eyelashes), mày (eyebrows), đồng tử (pupil), gan (liver), tim (heart), thận (kidney), bàng quang (bladder), cơ bắp (muscle) Viet-Muong words: bàn chân (foot), đầu gối (knee), da (skin), óc (brain), thịt (flesh) Viet-Monkhmer words: tóc (hair), mặt (face), mắt (eye), mũi (nose), răng (tooth), lưỡi (tongue), cổ (neck), lưng (back), tay (arm), chân (leg), máu (blood), xương (bone), cằm (chin)

16. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (7) Category of personal pronoun: Han Viet words: ông (grandfather), bà (grandmother) Non-Han Viet words: cô (aunt), chị (sister), anh (brother), em (younger brother/sister) “Tôi, ta, anh, nó” (I, you, he/she) are singular personal pronouns in Vietnamese. These words combine with Han Viet plural indicator “chúng, các” to be “chúng tôi, chúng ta, chúng nó …” and “các anh, các chị, các mẹ …” Category of height: cao (tall, high) is Han Viet word but thấp (short) is Non-Han Viet word Category of location: Non-Han Viet words: làng (village), xóm (hamlet), bản (mountain village), nước (country) Han Viet words: thôn (hamlet), xã (hamlet), huyện (district), tỉnh (province), quốc gia (nation)

17. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (8) • Words in academic language • The amount of Han Viet words in academic language, especially in legal document, is much more than in everyday language. • Example in literature: Hồ công quyết kế thừa cơ Lễ tiên binh hậu khắc cờ tập công (The Tale of Kieu, Nguyễn Du) (Lord Ho conceived a ruse to snatch this chance: behind the screen of gifts he’d poise his troops.) (translated by Huynh Sanh Thong) • Example in legal document: (the highlight words are not Han Viet words): Chánh Văn phòng, Vụ trưởng Vụ Giáo dục Đại học, thủ trưởng các đơn vị có liên quan thuộc Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo, Thủ trưởng các cơ sở giáo dục được giao nhiệm vụ đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ chịu trách nhiệm thi hành Quyết định này../(Quyết định Ban hành Quy chế đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ, 05 tháng 8 năm 2008) (The Chief of the Secretariat, the chief of University Education Bureau, the chief of the concerned units belonging to the Ministry of Education and Training, and the chief of educational units providing master program have responsibility to carry out this decision.) (Decision to promulgate the regulation of training master level, 08/05/2008)

18. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (9) • Example in newspaper: Thị trường ngoại tệ lại códấu hiệu căng thẳng, nhiều doanh nghiệp khó muađược ngoại tệ từ các ngân hàng thương mại. Tuy nhiên, Ngân hàng Nhà nước (NHNN) tiếp tục khẳng định ổn định chính sách tỷ giá và công bố các con số khả quan về cán cân ngoại hối. (http://www.vietnamnet.vn/kinhte/2009/07/857326/) (There is a sign of tension in the market of foreign currency again. It is difficult to exchange foreign currency in commercial banks for many businesses. However, the Governmental Bank still confirms the stability of the rate policy and announces satisfactory numbers of the balance of the exchange rate) • The popularity of Han Viet idioms • Cung chúc tân xuân (Happy new year) • Dĩ hòa vi quí (Concord is good) • Vạn sự khởi đầu nan (Everything begins difficultly) • Bất khả xâm phạm (No way to involve)

19. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (10) • Culture: • Former President Bill Clinton’s speech in his official visit to Vietnam in the year 2000: • “As the tale of Kieu foretold, "Just as the lotus wilts, the mums bloom forth; time softens grief, and the winter turns to spring." Now the frozen images of the past have begun to thaw. The outlines of a warmer shared future have begun to take shape. Let us make the most of this new spring together.“ (Như Truyện Kiều đã nói: "Sen tàn cúc lại nở hoa, sầu dài ngày ngắn đông đà sang xuân". Nay những ký ức băng giá về quá khứ đã bắt đầu tan. Những phác thảo của một tương lai ấm áp chung đã bắt đầu hình thành. Cùng nhau, chúng ta hãy tận hưởng mùa xuân mới này.) (http://usembassy.state.gov/vietnam/wwwhta41.html) • Citation from The Tale of Kieu: (the highlight words are Han Viet wrds) “Sentàncúc lại nở hoa Sầu dài ngày ngắn đông đà sang xuân” • The change in nature is a metaphor for the change in official relation between the US and Vietnam.

20. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (11) • Dạ cổ hoài lang (Hearing a drum at night, thinking of the husband): is the most famous traditional song in Southern Vietnam. • Từ là từphu tướng. Bảo kiếm sắc phong lên đàng. Vào ra luống trông tin chàng. Năm canh mơ màng. Em luống trông tin chàng. Ôi gan vàng quặn đau í… a... Đường dù xa ong bướm. Xin đó đừng phụ nghĩa tào khang. Đêm luống trông tin nhạn (bạn). Ngày mỏi mòn như đá vọng phu. Vọng phu vọng luống trông tin chàng. Lòng xin chớ phụ phàng (Sao nỡ phụ phàng). Chàng hỡi (là) chàng có hay. Đêm thiếp nằm luống những sầu tây. Bao thưở đó đây sum vầy. Duyênsắt cầm đừng lạt phai í… a…Là nguyện cho chàng. (Đặng) Hai chữ an bình an. Mau trở lại gia đàng. Cho én nhạn hiệp đôi í... a…

21. The role of Han Nom in Vietnamese (12) • In term of language, the song includes 116 syllables (with 46 Han Viet syllables), in which there is 31 Han Viet morpheme (forming 22 Han Viet words). The song expresses three of the most important Vietnamese cultural features: marriage love in family relation, the moods of faithfulness and love in war. These cultural features are focused in the Han Viet words. • Illustration: • The color of Vietnamese culture in some images referred by Han Viet words in the song • The performance of the song by an amateur singer in communal house in a Vietnamese village (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egF6V95Yc6A) • The song’s content in a clip (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaKacW8iPNU)

22. Sắc phong (imperial order) Vọng phu (looking forward to see the husband): The mountain in Lang Son province with the shape of a wife carrying a baby to wait for her husband

23. Gia đàng (household in general)

24. Conclusion of the role of Han Nom in teaching Vietnamese (1) • The homophony in Han Viet words is rather popular (even in Chinese pronunciation). So a word need to be put into a specific context, sometimes need to be written in Chinese character, to avoid misunderstanding. • "phi" (飛) = "bay" (fly) vs. "phi" (非) = "không“(not), "ngoại trừ“ (except) • “tử“ (子) = "con" (son/daughter) vs."tử"(死) = "chết“(die) • The Romanized Vietnamese (Quoc ngu) is easy to learn and memorize but it could not separate numerous homophone words which have different meanings. So many words is used in the wrong way. Sometimes, the mistake becomes so popular that it can be officially accepted.

25. Conclusion of the role of Han Nom in teaching Vietnamese (2) • Han Nom was not taught and learnt popularly after the birth of Quoc ngu. Therefore, many Vietnamese generations today could not read any documents in the thousands years legacy of the Vietnamese ancestors. They could not clearly understand and accurately use Vietnamese as its real meaning because about 70% Vietnamese is formed by Han Viet morphemes. • There are many popular Han Viet words in everyday life, but many Vietnamese do not know. For example, “tiểu” means “pee”. The Chinese character is a symbol of the penis. Using the penis means “going to the bathroom”. If the teacher can connect the sound “tiểu” with the action “going to the bathroom”, the learner will be very excited. And then because “tiểu” is Han Viet words, belonging to Confucianists and mandarin, it has the rhetoric meaning of classic, politeness. The normal people use it for both man and woman in polite context. (To be different from the following explaining film: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TC4oIkxM3E&NR=1).