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The solar system and a lot of science-y words

The solar system and a lot of science-y words. Astronomy 115, Spring 2013. Comparing the Sun and Earth. Comparing the Sun and Earth. size:. The radius of the Earth is r = 6371 km. R. 2) The radius of the Sun is R = 7x10 5 km.

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The solar system and a lot of science-y words

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  1. The solar system and a lot of science-y words Astronomy 115, Spring 2013

  2. Comparing the Sun and Earth

  3. Comparing the Sun and Earth size: • The radius of the Earth is r = 6371 km R 2) The radius of the Sun is R = 7x105 km

  4. If the Sun weighed as much as the aircraft carrier Independence……… The Earth would only weigh as much as two members of its crew…. Comparing the Sun and Earth mass: • The mass of the Sun is m = 2 x 1030 kg 2) The mass of the Earth is m = 6 x 1024 kg 3) The ratio of Sun to Earth masses = 3.3 x 105

  5. What is the densest round object in the solar system? • Jupiter • Earth • Sun • Venus

  6. 1 paper clip weighs about 1 gram (g) 1 cubic centimeter (cm-3) is about the size of a sugar cube Comparing the Sun and Earth density: • The density of the Sun is d = 1.4 g cm-3 2) The density of the Earth is d = 5.5 g cm-3 Water has a density of1 g cm-3 while lead is10.8g cm-3

  7. Comparing the Sun and Earth Composition: Earth (rocks) 34.6% iron 29.5% oxygen 15.2% silicon 12.7% magnesium 2.4% nickel 1.9% sulfur Earth (air) 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 0-4% water 1% argon 0.035% carbon dioxide 0.0017% methane • Sun • 92.1% hydrogen • 7.8% helium • 0.1% carbon or oxygen • 0.001% iron

  8. Neptune • (Atmosphere) • 83% hydrogen • 15% helium • 2% methane • (Interior) • ?? water ice • ?? silicon • ?? iron • ?? oxygen Comparing the Composition of the Earth and Planets: • Jupiter • 92.1% hydrogen • 7.8% helium • 0.1% carbon & • oxygen • 0.001% iron • Earth • 34.6% iron • 29.5% oxygen • 15.2% silicon • 12.7% magnesium • 2.4% nickel • 1.9% sulfur Jupiter is almost exactly like the Sun, while the Earth, and to a lesser degree, Neptune are different.

  9. Comparing the Sun and Earth Time and Evolution: The Earth 102 -104 s lightning, storms 104 -105 s tides, diurnal cycle 107 s seasons 1011 - 1012 s ice ages, climate changes 1015 - 1016 s plate tectonics, magnetic polarity reversals, evolution 1017 s age of Earth (4.5 billion years) The most significant changes to surface conditions on the Earth were brought about by loss of some atmospheric gases and the emergence of life.

  10. Changes in the Earth’s atmosphere Time and Evolution: • The Early Earth • atmosphere similar to solar composition • 100x thicker than today • hydrogen-helium • 4.5-3.5 billion years (by) ago • The Young Earth • hydrogen/helium lost • oceans form/ CO2 from volcanic activity • CO2 dissolved in oceans • 3.5 – 0.5 by • The Living Earth (0.5 by to Present) • nitrogen dominates as CO2 is lost/modern atmospheric density • plants evolve (photosynthesis begins) - oxygen concentration increases - feedback with sun’s evolution. • animals adapt to O2 metabolism - move to land • O2 in atmosphere: life’s smoking gun/impossible without

  11. Comparing the Sun and Earth Time and Evolution: The Sun 104 s Convection at visible surface 105 - 106 s Flares – solar events – Oscillations 2x106 s Solar rotation 107 - 108 s Magnetic cycle 1015 - 1016 s Energy transport – Changes in core 1017 s Age of Sun (4.5 billion years) 2x1017 s Sun becomes a red giant/stellar death

  12. Temperature Scales K = 273 + (°F - 32)/1.8

  13. Comparing the Sun and Earth Temperature: Earth Surface 300 K (average ground) Atmosphere 300 – 1000 K (ground to top) Interior 3000 – 7700 K Sun Surface 5000 – 10000 K (visible) Atmosphere 2 millionK (Corona) Core 15 million K K = 273 + (°F - 32)/1.8 273 K = 32°F, 373 K=212° F, and 273 K = 0°C

  14. Put the following regions of the Sun in order from hottest to coldest • Core, atmosphere, surface • Core, surface, atmosphere • Surface, atmosphere, core • Surface, core, atmosphere • Atmosphere, core, surface • Atmosphere, surface, core

  15. Energy Production from the Sun: The Sun dominates the energy ‘budget’ of the solar system • How much energy does the Sun produce? • How does the energy reach us? • How does it produce that energy?

  16. Energy • Types of energy • Kinetic energy (energy of motion) • Thermal energy (energy of heat) • Electromagnetic energy • Gravitational energy • Chemical energy • Nuclear energy • For big energies: joule (J) • For small energies: electron-volt (eV) [Note: 1 eV = 1.6x10-19 J]

  17. Energy and Power • Power is energy per time, or watt (W) = joules (J) /seconds (s) • Power Companies use kilowatt-hours as unit of energy or 1000 x (J/s) x hr 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J

  18. How much energy do we use? A typical power bill in the Seattle area will be for about 1200 kilowatt hours (kWh) in one month, or about 400 kWH per person. The USA as a whole uses 400 kWh x 12 month x 3.0 x 108people = 1.44 x 1012 kW h How does that compare with the Sun?

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