India

1. India

2. Warm-up for January 7 Why do all the ancient civilizations appear in river valleys?

3. India’s geography What is the Indian subcontinent? A subcontinent is a large landmass that juts out from a continent. Historians refer to the entire subcontinent as India, although today it is divided into several countries, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

4. India’s geography India is surrounded by the Himalaya and Hindu Kush mountains, and the Indian Ocean. For centuries, geography limited contact with the outside world.

5. India’s geography What’s a monsoon? Strong winds that blow across the region at certain times of the year. India’s climate is dominated by the monsoons. The winter monsoon blows dry air from the Himalayas, giving India a dry winter. The summer monsoon comes from the Indian Ocean, picking up moisture and drenching the plains and river valleys daily in June.

6. India’s geography Why is the monsoon important? The summer monsoons provide life-giving rain. The people of India depend on the summer monsoons. If the monsoon is late or weak, crops die, causing famine. If it is too strong, the rivers overflow and cause deadly floods.

7. India’s geography Barriers and pathways An opening between mountains is called a pass. For thousands of years, passes through the Hindu Kush have served as highways for migration and invasion. The earliest people of India probably came through these pathways. The Indus River begins in the Himalayas and empties into the Arabian Sea. The Ganges River begins in the Himalayas and empties into the Bay of Bengal. They make farming possible in the river valleys.

8. Write the question on the left, write YOUR ANSWER on the right How do winter monsoons differ from summer monsoons? How do the monsoons affect India and its climate?

9. Warm-up for January 8 citadel migrate caste A fortress in a city To move from one place to settle in another area A social class of people

10. Life in the Indus River Valley Fill in the blank: Farming leads to a ______ of food, with causes the population to ________. Villages grow to become ________. Surplus Grow/increase Cities

11. Life in the Indus River Valley Brainstorm: What are the things a city needs to have?

12. Life in the Indus River Valley Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro These are two well-planned cities that flourished in the Indus River Valley from 2500-1500 B.C. They are located in present-day Pakistan. Mohenjo-Daro is the larger of the two cities. It lay along the banks of the Indus River.

13. Mohenjo-Daro How do we know Mohenjo-Daro was a planned city? The ruins of the city shows us how well it was planned. The city was built up above ground level to protect it from floods. The citadel was the highest point, built on a high mound of earth. It was enclosed by a high brick wall and contained the city’s most important buildings, including storehouses for grain and a bathhouse. Homes and workshops made up one side of the city. Public buildings stood on the other side.

14. Mohenjo-Daro How do we know Mohenjo-Daro was a planned city? Streets separated the buildings into regular blocks, like a modern city. Unlike most ancient cities, M-D had a drainage system. Clay pipes ran under the brick streets. They carried waste away from the city. Outside the city, canals ran along the river. They helped control flooding by catching overflow from the river. Then the water was directed for irrigation.

15. Mohenjo-Daro

16. Draw it! What was life like in M-D? “In Mohenjo-Daro, merchants and artisans sold their wares from shops that lined the streets. Carts loaded with grain rolled through the city. Traders came from as far away as Mesopotamia to buy and sell precious goods. The citizens of Mohenjo-Daro lived in homes that opened onto courtyards. Children played with toys and pets. Adults enjoyed games and music. Artisans fashioned jewelry and bright cotton clothing for the people to wear.”

17. Mohenjo-Daro What don’t we know about M-D? We don’t know their language. They wrote on square seals, but experts can’t figure out what the symbols mean. We don’t know their form of government or religion. No royal tombs or great temples have been found. Evidence found in the city’s ruins suggests that the people had a number of gods (polytheism).

18. The mystery of the Indus valley civilization What happened to the Indus valley farmers? We don’t know! Maybe the climate changed, turning fertile soil into desert. Maybe an earthquake caused floods. Around 2000 BC, Indus valley farmers began to abandon their land. Without enough food, people began to leave the cities. Between 2000 and 1500 BC, newcomers from the north entered the valley. These newcomers eventually gained power throughout the region.

19. Aryan Culture Who were the newcomers? They called themselves Aryans, which in their language meant “noble” or “highborn.” They migrated from their homeland in central Asia. They drove horse-drawn chariots; the IRV people only had foot-soldiers. Over time, their culture blended with the local IRV culture. The two groups intermarried and shared their traditions.

20. Aryan Culture How did Aryan culture spread? From the northern Indus valley, it spread into the Ganges valley to the east. By about 800 BC, the people of northern India had learned to make tools and weapons out of iron. With iron axes they cleared the thick rain forests. They built farms, villages, and cities.

21. Aryan Culture How do we know about Aryan life? We know about early Aryan life from religious books called the Vedas, which means “knowledge.” The Vedas tell us that the earliest Aryans were nomadic herders and warriors. They organized their society around three classes. Priests, called Brahmans Warriors and nobles Artisans and merchants Eventually they added the lowest-ranking class, made up of farm workers, laborers, and servants.

22. Aryan Culture What about later Aryan society? By 500 BC, there was a strict division of classes, called the caste system. At first, each caste performed special duties, and people had to stay in the caste of their parents. Over time, the caste system became more complicated. The main castes divided into hundreds of different groups based on occupation. The caste system still exists in modern-day India, but it is much less rigid. People of different castes interact more freely, and many modern professionals have no caste.

23. Warm-up for Wednesday, January 15 brahman avatar reincarnation dharma ahimsa • A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything • A representation of a Hindu god or goddess in human or animal form • The rebirth of the soul in the body of another living being • The religious and moral duties of Hindus • The Hindu idea of non-violence

24. What do we know about Hinduism?

25. http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/hinduism/home_set.html

26. Warm-up for January 16 In your notebook, write a complete sentence with context clues for each of yesterday’s vocab words. brahman avatar reincarnation dharma ahimsa

27. Partner Reading Take turns and take notes. In your notebook, draw a concept map around the central bubble HINDUISM.

28. Warm-up for January 17 Fill in the blank with the correct vocab word. When the god Vishnu appeared on earth in human form, that is called an __________. In Hinduism, truth is the highest ________ and the source of all other virtues. ___________ is the rule not to hurt others. Hindus believe in __________, one single spiritual power that lives in everything. People who believe in _________ believe that after they die, their soul will be born again in another body.

29. Concept Bubble Beliefs Hinduism History

30. Warm-up for January 21 meditate nirvana missionary To focus the mind inward in order to find spiritual awareness or relaxation The lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others

31. Partner Reading Take turns and take notes. In your notebook, draw a flow chart and record your findings in it.

32. Welcome Put your binders and books along the purple wall. Find a space on the floor and sit criss-cross applesauce.

33. Warm-up for January 27 In your social studies notebook, write a paragraph describing your yoga experience. If you didn’t do yoga, write about what you learned from the reading. STRIVE FOR FIVE—at least 5 sentences!!

34. The Beginnings of Buddhism

35. Warm-up for February 3 Maurya Empire convert tolerance Indian empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India To change one’s beliefs; in particular, to change from one religion to another Freedom from prejudice

36. Maurya Empire How did the empire start? Around 321 BC, Chandragupta became king of a tiny kingdom in northeastern India. He had been born into a poor family and sold into slavery at a young age. He commanded a huge army with a herd of 9,000 war elephants. He conquered many other small kingdoms in only a few years. He believed rulers should have absolute power. His armies enforced the law and crushed revolts.

37. Maurya Empire What happened to Chandragupta? What about the empire? He built a large and wealthy empire with prosperous farms that traded with Greece, Rome, and China. He became fearful for his life. He made his servants taste his food and slept in a different room every night. He may have run away to become a monk and let his son become king. The empire continued to grow: wealth, irrigation systems, crafts, mining, a network of roads, and order and peace.

38. Maurya Empire Who was Asoka? Asoka was Chandragupta’s grandson. He became king in 273 BC and ruled until 232 BC. He expanded the empire via war, but after a bloody battle in 261 BC, he was filled with sorrow. He gave up violence, freed his prisoners, and converted to Buddhism. He spread Buddhism among his people. He was concerned about their well-being. He built hospitals and had wells dug every mile along the roads so travelers would not go thirsty.

39. Maurya Empire What else did Asoka do? • He stopped animal sacrifice and hunting. • He wrote a lot of moral advice, including messages about • honoring your parents • not killing animals • being truthful • being tolerant (free from prejudice) • He sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka, China, Southeast Asia, Korea, and Japan.

40. Gupta Empire What happened to the Maurya Empire? What was the Gupta Empire? • After Asoka died, the empire weakened and fell apart into smaller states. • For centuries, India faced civil wars and foreign invasions. • In AD 320, the Gupta dynasty rose to power. By 400, they had built an empire across northern India that lasted until 540. • During the Gupta Empire, India enjoyed a rich culture including: • Invention of printing cloth • Hindu scholars gathered in colleges • Kalidasa wrote poems and plays • Mathematicians invented the decimal point

41. Warm-up for February 4 Write the sentences and circle the underlined vocab word that best completes the sentence. A citadel, subcontinent is a large landmass that juts out from a continent. Dharma, Nirvana is the religious and moral duties of a Hindu. Under the caste, avatar system, a weaver’s son always became a weaver and a barber’s daughter always married a barber. Asoka encouraged his people to behave with tolerance, dharma, or freedom from prejudice.

42. Chapter Review and Assessment Read side 1 with your partner. With your partner, using your notes and the readings, answer the questions on side 2 in complete sentences.