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International Relations Theory

Chronological outline. 1. generation: 1960s-1970sMartin WightHedley BullHerbert ButterfieldAdam Watson2. generation: 1990s-2000sBarry BuzanJohn KeeneAndrew LinklaterRobert LittleAndrew Hurrell. Conceptual outline. Basic terms:International orderInternational systemInternational society

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International Relations Theory

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    1. International Relations Theory Engish School

    2. Chronological outline 1. generation: 1960s-1970s Martin Wight Hedley Bull Herbert Butterfield Adam Watson 2. generation: 1990s-2000s Barry Buzan John Keene Andrew Linklater Robert Little Andrew Hurrell

    3. Conceptual outline Basic terms: International order International system International society Institutions of international society

    4. Theoretical outline Methodological pluralism Three images (Wight) Machiavelli, Hobbes Messianism, missionarism Via media between the two extremes Three traditions of thought (Bull) Hobbesian – international system Grotian – international society Kantian – world society

    5. Theoretical outline II. Wight Historical mode of thinking Inductively informed approach Historian by profession Bull Structural mode of thought Deductively informed approach Philosopher/political scientist by profession

    6. Martin Wight´s international society International society States-system International community Family of nations The third way/via media between: Denial of international society International society-as-domestic society

    7. Wight´s international society „the most comprehensive society on earth“ 1. second-order society 2. small membership 3. diverse membership 4. members = „immortals“

    8. Wight and international law IL = best evidence of international society´s existence 1. subjects = states 2. purpose = states´rights and duties 3. customary nature 4. treaties = contracts (no law-making) 5. no enforcement agency (government) 6. no judiciary

    9. Wight´s institutions of international society Basic point: variation from one IS to another War Alliances Guarantees Diplomacy Neutrality (arbitration)

    10. Hedley Bull and international society The basic question: How is order provided among states? Definition of the international order: „pattern of activity that sustains the elementary or primary goals of society of states, or international society“ (Bull 1977: 9) States –> System -> Society

    11. Bull on states „independent political communities each of which possesses a government and asserts sovereignty over a particular portion of earth´s surface and a particular segment of the human population“ (Bull 1977: 9) City-states, empires, dynastic states and nation-states included Primitive societies, tribes and Middle Age units excluded

    12. Bull on international system A system of states (or international system is formed when two or more states have sufficient contact between them, and have sufficient impact on one another´s decisions, to cause them to behave – at least in some measure – as parts of a whole.“ (Bull 1977: 9) Regular contact Sufficient contact

    13. Bull on international society „A society of states (or international society) exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions.“ (Bull 1977: 13)

    14. International system vs. international society Part of strategic calculations but no perception of common interests and/or values: EIS vs. Turkey, China, Japan, Cortez and Pizarro Greek city-state system Hellenistic kingdoms China (Warring states period) Ancient India Modern states system Common cultural core

    15. Goals of international order 1. preservation of system/society itself 2. preservation of independence of members 3. peace 4. elementary/primary goals: The goal of limitation of violence The goal of keeping promises The goal of stabilising property relations „life, truth and property“

    16. Institutions of international society 1. balance of power 2. war 3. international law 4. diplomacy 5. great powers

    17. Bull and Watson´s distinction (1984: 1, in Buzan 2004: 98) „a group of states (or, more generally, a group of independent political communities) which not merely form a system, in the sense that the behaviour of each is a necessary factor in the calculations of the others, but also have established by dialogue and consent common rules and institutions for the conduct of their relations, and recognise their common interest in maintaining these arrangements“

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