Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 Immigration explosion in mid-1800s Push/pull factors: Push (away from home country) factors: Population growth – Europe becoming overcrowded Agricultural changes – New methods made work force not needed – forced tenant farmers off land, leaving them no job Crop failures – caused some farmers to not be able to pay debts, started over in America, others left hungry Industrial Revolution – goods produced in factory left skilled artisans (carpenters, etc) without work. Some went to work in factories, others emigrated Religious and Political turmoil – Quakers fled Norway, Jews fled Germany due to persecution, some left due to Germany’s failed 1848 revolution

2. Chapter 14.1 Pull (toward America) factors: Freedom – not just religious freedom (but main driving one), but political (some really wanted to experience democracy) Economic opportunity – America in wave of prosperity – immigrants wanted piece of gold road Abundant land – to Europeans, America was huge. To land starved Europeans they saw America as land of opportunity. Also, U.S. wanted people to settle in these lands. The immigrations explosion came from Europe.

3. Chapter 14 - Reforms Religious – Second Great Awakening – 1790s to early 1800s – preachers stressed helping others, and people began to think if they acted to make things better they would succeed Temperance Movement – campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol. Things movement grew out of more than a few men took wages to the bar instead of home, then would go home and bad things occurred. Culminated in the 19th amendment Worker’s Rights – workers started to organize – asking for better working conditions, better wages and hours.

4. Our Government at work

5. Chapter 14 Education – states started to offer public education. Massachusetts set up first state board of education. North definitely ahead of the south. However, women and African Americans were not considered at first. This changed for women rather quickly but African-Americans suffered – particularly in the south. Care for the needy – Dorothea Dix started a movement to help the mentally ill. But it was also for prison reforms and starting rehabilitation programs

6. Chapter 14.4 – Slavery and Women Slavery – Abolition was a movement to end slavery – by 1804 most northern states abolished slavery. Serious discussions were occurring in Congress. John Q. Adams introduced an amendment to abolish slavery. Two abolitionist speakers were Frederick Douglas and Sojourner who spoke of their personal experiences as slaves. Underground Railroad established – actually an above ground series of escape routes from the south to the north. Traveled by night, hid in places (called stations) during the day. Most escaped by foot, but some used wagons, boats and trains. Conductors those along the routes helping slaves escape. Harriet Tubman one of the most famous conductors - a former slave that led 19 journeys into south (by using disguises) to help slaves escaping. She was so successful she had a 40,000 bounty for her capture. She never got caught.

7. Chapter 14.4 – Slavery and Women Women’s Rights – women still had few rights. Single women could manage their own property, married women could not (even if the women inherited it). Women started to demand more equality. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were outspoken women who attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840. Seneca Falls Convention – held by Mott and Stanton for women’s rights. Patterned after the Dec. of Independence, they drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions. It listed complaints or resolutions. All passed but suffrage (the right to vote). For the most part the convention was made fun of and not taken seriously. 1851 – Sojourner Truth, Maria Mitchell, and Susan B. Anthony spoke at a convention in Ohio in 1851. Truth called for equality, Anthony worked on anti-slavery and temperance issues, and Mitchell organized a science association

8. The End – But Remember…..