UNIT TWO: THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA

1. UNIT TWO: THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA

2. What took place during Colonization? • A time period when Europeans began to explore the rest of the world. • Improvements in mapmaking, shipbuilding, rigging, and navigation made this possible. • Blue water sailing, not just coastal boats. • Policy of mercantilism drives the exploration.

3. What was mercantilism? • Policy that said there was a limited amount of money in the world. • Each country needs to grab what they can before it is gone. • Export more than you import…more money in your pocket. • Colonies and markets were needed to keep everything in the system.

4. ADAM SMITH • “The discovery of America,” the British writer Adam smith announced in his celebrated book The Wealth of Nations, was one of “the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind.”

5. ADAM SMITH • Historians no longer use the word “discovery” to describe the European exploration, conquest, and colonization of a hemisphere already home to millions of people. • But there can be no doubt that when Christopher Columbus made landfall in the West Indian islands in 1492, he set in motion some of the most pivotal developments in human history.

6. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS • Immense changes soon followed in both the Old and New Worlds; the consequences of these changes are still with us today. • The peoples of the American continents and Europe were thrown into continuous interaction.

7. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • The Columbian Exchange introduced to Europe products from America like corn, tobacco and cotton. • While the New World received wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs and sheep.

9. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • The inhabitants of North and South America had developed no immunity to the germs that accompanied the colonists. • As a result, they suffered a series of devastating epidemics, the greatest population catastrophe in human history.

10. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • Within a decade of Columbus’ voyage, a fourth continent – Africa – found itself drawn into the new Atlantic system of trade and population movement.

11. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • In Africa, Europeans found a supply of unfree labor that enabled them to exploit the fertile lands of the Western Hemisphere. • 1492-1820: Approx 10 million people came to the New World – 7.7 million were African slaves.

12. The Slave Trade • Europeans began to use slave labor in their colonies to grow crops, mine, etc. • Native Americans used for a while, but Africans began to be brought to the Americas. • The slave trade then became the main focus of Europe’s relations with Africa.

14. What was the Triangular Trade? • System of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. • Stage 1: Raw materials to Europe (tobacco, rum, sugar) • Stage 2: Manufactured goods to Africa (guns, cloth, rum) • Stage 3: Slaves to the Americas to make raw materials.

15. The Triangular Trade

16. 13 Colonies

17. 13 Colonies? Question: What were the original 13 colonies? Quiz Time

18. Introduction • England’s Thirteen Colonies were located on the Atlantic Coast in-between French Canada and Spanish Florida. • Colony: is a group of people in one place who are ruled by parent country elsewhere.

19. Joint-Stock Companies • Chartered by King James I in 1606 to create colonies in the new world: two companies Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth • As corporations they were given the right to govern themselves • Virginia Company of Plymouth failed • Virginia Company of London lead by John Smith settled Jamestown, Va.

20. Jamestown, Virginia • Jamestown, Va: first permanent English colony • Government: first managed by governor and council appointed by the Virginia Company • House of Burgesses: 1619 colonists formed the first representative assembly, legislature-had little power but marked beginning of self government in America

21. House of Burgesses • But forasmuch as men's affaires doe litle prosper where God's service is neglected, all the Burgesses tooke their places in the Quire till a prayer was said by Mr. Bucke, the Minister, that it would please God to guide and sanctifie all our proceedings to his own glory and the good of this Plantation ... The Speaker ... delivered in briefe to the whole assembly the occasions of their meeting. Which done he read unto them the commission for establishing the Counsell of Estate and the general Assembly, wherein their duties were described to the life ... And forasmuch as our intente is to establish one equall and uniforme kinde of government over all Virginia &c. • – John Pory, "A Reporte of the Manner of Proceeding in the General Assembly Convented at James City" (July 30, 1619) In April, 1619, Governor George Yeardley arrived in Virginia from England and announced that the Virginia Company had voted to abolish martial law and create a legislative assembly. It became the House of Burgesses — the first legislative assembly in the American colonies. The first assembly met on July 30, 1619, in the church at Jamestown. Present were Governor Yeardley, Council, and 22 burgesses representing 11 plantations (or settlements) Burgesses were elected representatives. Only white men who owned a specific amount of property were eligible to vote for Burgesses.

22. Plymouth, Massachusetts • 1620, Pilgrims travel over seas and settle at Plymouth for religious freedom • Mayflower Compact: constitution created aboard the Mayflower to help govern and create democracy for this new colony-41 men signed this compact.

23. Mayflower Compact • IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. IN WITNESS whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, Anno Domini; 1620.

24. Your Turn • As a group create a compact/laws that if you were to start a new colony/civilization, what would they be?

25. Your Compact (Laws) • Using Publisher create your own compact document for your own early colony. Must have an opening statement, at least 5 must have rules, and your signature/date.

26. 13 Colonies • The Thirteen Colonies can be divided into three regions. Each region was unique and gave the English a wide variety of opportunities and “personalities’.

27. 13 Colonies New England The Middle Colonies The South

28. New England New England 13 Colonies Map

29. Colony facts Plymouth Colony: settled in 1620 by the Pilgrims Massachusetts Bay Colony: settled in 1630 by Puritans Roger Williams: originally a Puritan/Calvinist-switched to the Baptist denomination-founded first Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island Believed in separation of church and state, abolitionist against slavery, and wanted fair dealings with Native Americans.

30. Economic Development of New England • Navigation Acts of 1651 • Law passed by the English in an attempt to get a cut out of New England’s wealthy trade. • Difficult for the English to enforce. • Heavy reliance on the Atlantic Ocean • Fishing • Shipbuilding • Trade and Smuggling • Triangular Trade

31. Climate and Soil of New England • Long winters • Rocky soil • As a result, many farmers used subsistence farming.

32. The People of New England • English settlers were the largest ethnic group. • Land was sold to large groups – often Puritan congregations. • As a result towns grew in a way that was conducive to trade.

33. People continued … • African Americans – slavery wasn’t economical in New England because they weren’t needed for farming. • Many slaves worked in houses or were hired out for various jobs. • Slaves could eventually save enough money to purchase their freedom. • Puritans – their religion declined of competition with other groups and because their ideals didn’t go well with business.

34. The Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies 13 Colonies Map

35. Colony facts William Penn: joined the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) King Charles had a huge loan with Penn’s father-paid this off by giving Penn land in West Jersey. Renamed it to Sylvania (Latin for Woods) This became a refuge for religious groups like the Quakers and Whigs making it very diverse in culture

36. Economy Continued • Middle Colonies also had excellent ports and river systems. • New York, NY on the Hudson • Philadelphia, PA on the Delaware • Exported grain, furs, and whale oil and imported manufactured goods • Ship building • New York and Philly developed and expanded quickly • Rivaled the nicest cities of England.

37. Climate and Soil • Rich soil • Mild winters • Growing season that lasted between 6-8 months

38. People of the Middle Colonies • Was known for its diversity. • Heavy German influence in the region • German craftsman and artisans created many important goods such as: • Long rifles, iron works, glass, furniture, and dinner ware.

39. Climate of Tolerance • The wide variety of groups made it difficult for one group to dominate any other • As a result – there was a great deal of tolerance in the Middle Colonies. • Some were slaves and some were free. Either way they worked as laborers, servants, drivers, sailors, and assistants • Racial tensions did exist, especially in NYC. • Violence was used by both sides – but African Americans were force into submission. African Americans

40. Colonial Philadelphia

41. The South The South 13 Colonies Map

42. Colony facts Province of Carolina: founded 1663-divided into two colonies in 1712 (North and South Carolina). Province of Georgia: founded 1732 by James Oglethorpe, a prison reformer. Charter given by King George II (name of Georgia after him)

43. Economic Development of the South • Ideal for plantation crops like indigo, rice, and tobacco. • Plantations were largely self-sufficient, so very few large cities developed in the South.

44. The Need For Slavery • Plantations had difficulties finding the necessary labor to run a plantation. • Many indentured servants were leaving plantations. • Turned to slave labor. Africans already established as reliable slaves – so planters started to use them. • Kept under control with strict slave codes.

45. Indentured Servants vs Slavery • Poor English men/women would have their fare paid for to cross the Atlantic • In return they (now indentured servants) would work a contract of up to five years or more • They were given room and board • After time served they were given freedom dues-usually land, clothes, a gun, etc to start their life

46. Indentured Servitude…Sign Me Up • Sounds wonderful, right….Well… • Most indentured servants didn’t live past their contracts (roughly 40%) • By the 1660’s most of the good land had already been taken by the rich…so after your contract you had to move westward towards the mountains, SORRY • Oh..if you were a woman you were usually sexually harassed and if you became pregnant more time was added to your contract

47. Bacon’s Rebellion • Really an issue between two rich elites • 1676: Nathanial Bacon lead indentured servants, slaves, and the common people against Governor William Berkeley of Jamestown, Va. • Bacon wanted the Indian “issue” to be taken care of…House of Burgesses did nothing so he took matters into his own hands. • October 26, 1776 Bacon died of “Bloodie Flux” and “Lousey Disease” (Body Lice). • Berkeley caught the other rebels and had the main leaders hung. • Confusing Rebellion or….a start towards a revolution??

48. Climate and Soil • Very rich soil • Warm weather • Mild winters • Nearly year round growing season

49. The People • Planter Class • Became wealthy off of the cash crops they grew • Dominated all aspects of Southern life • Viewed themselves as nobility.

50. The Frontier • Pioneers were colonists who needed to move westward to find themselves land that they could settle and claim as their own.