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Tronc commun Master en études du développement Année académique 2009/10

Sociologie politique du développement (Re)thinking the State. Tronc commun Master en études du développement Année académique 2009/10. The State as an institution. There are no societies without rules and no rules without a power ensuring their implementation

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Tronc commun Master en études du développement Année académique 2009/10

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  1. Sociologie politique du développement (Re)thinking the State Tronc commun Master en études du développement Année académique 2009/10

  2. The State as an institution • There are no societies without rules and no rules without a power ensuring their implementation • In political science, sets of rules are called INSTITUTIONS, i.e . collection of agreed norms, procedures and routines, either formal (written) or informal (oral, customary) • Polities, i.e. forms of rule, have varied across space and over time (from decentralized to centralized ; from tribal chieftainships to empires)

  3. The State as an institution (2) • The “modern” centralized European State has emerged and consolidated between the 16th and early 20th century (in late 15th century Europe, 500 independent political units ; by 1900, 25 modern States) • Through imperialism and colonialism new States have emerged around the globe

  4. The invention of the “Modern” State • Def. : a set of political apparatuses distinct from both ruler and ruled, with supreme jurisdiction over a demarcated territory, backed by a claim to a monopoly of coercive power and enjoying legitimacy as a result of a minimum level of support or loyalty from their citizens. • PUBLIC INSTITUTION (government, legislature, courts, civil service, army, police, … versus private and non-state institutions) • SOVERAIGNTY AND HEGEMONY • FORMAL MONOPOLICY OF VIOLENCE • IMPARTIAL BUREAUCRACY (impersonal, neutral, does not make law, independent from government and political parties … versus CORRUPTION, PATRONAGE, CLIENTELISM

  5. The invention of the modern State (2) • BUT : • Is the State an autonomous entity with its interests ? • Can the State be neutral ? Do elites and certain classes dominate ? • What should be the role of the State in economy and society ?

  6. Historical context of modern State development • The modern State has emerged in the course of the GREAT TRANSFORMATION from agrarian to industrial societies (+ scientific and technological innovations : printing, mapping and numbering) • The MODERN STATE was both the PRODUCT and the AGENT of that transformation : the role and function of the state has been to promote, organize, protect and sustain this economic and social transformation to industrialism (and beyond in the post-industrialized era)

  7. Historical context of modern State development (2) • 3 critical issues : • DEFENSE against external attacks and internal security (rich country = strong army) • POLITICAL REPRESENTATION (developed country = democratic country) • Promotion/protection of the economy with State provision of WELFARE (successful economies and successful States go hand in hand)

  8. The State models in the 20th century • ANGLO-AMERICAN AND WESTERN EUROPEAN STATE : insures promotion of private, market driven growth (by securing property rights, establishing fair and efficient juridical systems, setting an open and agreed upon system of rules and regulations …. • SOVIET MODEL : Forced top-down industrialization, involving pervasive state ownership, control and management of the economy, mobilization by the State (not the market) of human and material resources in pursuit of transformative objectives • DEVELOPMENTAL STATE – EAST-ASIAN MODEL (Japan after 1870, South-Korea and Taiwan from the 1950s onwards) : State and private sector symbiosis, governing the market, managed capitalism

  9. The State in the developing world • Formation of modern State in colonial and post-colonial contexts has not been geared to the development of institutions directed at promoting economic growth or transformative development • The kind of modern State institutions in the Third World vary widely and are shaped by the interaction of 4 main factors : • The nature of pre-colonial polities • The economic purposes of colonial rule • The characteristics of the colonial State institutions and the socio-political groups who dominated them • The manner of incorporation of pre-colonial polities and institutions in the system of colonial and post-colonial rule

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