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DMT 4202 RESEARCH PROJECT

UNIVERSITY OF GUYANA FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY. DMT 4202 RESEARCH PROJECT.

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DMT 4202 RESEARCH PROJECT

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  1. UNIVERSITY OF GUYANAFACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCESDEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DMT 4202 RESEARCH PROJECT

  2. But much advantage will occur if men of science become their own epistemologists and show to the world by critical exposition and in non-technical terms the results and methods of their constructive work, that more than mere instinct is involved in it, the community has indeed a right to expect as much as this Poincare, 1952

  3. Important Deadlines • Submission of Proposal to Supervisor – December 20th, 2014 • Submission Application to IRB – 15th January 2015 • Submission of Final Reports – July 15th 2015 • Presentations will be held on the 15th of August 2015

  4. Research Supervisors • Dr. RajiniKurup – Microbiology and Parasitology • Mr. Cecil Boston – Clinical Pathology (CVD, CBV, DM, anything clinical chemistry related), Laboratory Operations • Mr. Davon Van-Veen • Ede Tyrell – Microbiology, Immunology • Anthony DeFreitas – Infectious Diseases • Audrey Anderson – Bloodbanking/ Haematology

  5. External Supervisors • May be of two types • Outside the Department, but still a member of the University Teaching Staff – Please remember that the UG has two campuses • Completely outside of the University • In both cases, we will need Departmental Approval

  6. Remember • This is a course and will be graded • 4 credits. 1.2:1.6:1.2 • Proposal: 30% • Final Report: 40% • Final Presentation: 30%

  7. Table of Contents • Research – a way of thinking • The research process – a quick glance • Formulating the research problem • Selecting a sample • Constructing an instrument for data collection • Conceptualizing a research design • Writing a research proposal • Collecting , processing and displaying data • Writing a research report

  8. Research – A way of Thinking • Research is undertaken within most professions. • More than a set of skills, research is a way of thinking, examining critically the various aspects of your day to day professional work; understanding and formulating guiding principles that govern a particular procedure and developing new theories that contribute to the advancement of your practice or profession

  9. Research – A way of Thinking • Evidence based practice (EBP) is the delivery of services based upon research evidence about their effectiveness, the service provider’s clinical judgement as to the suitability and appropriateness of the service for the client, and the client’s own preference as to the acceptance of the service

  10. The Research Process – Characteristics and Requirements • Controlled • Rigorous • Systematic • Valid and Verifiable • Empirical • Critical

  11. Types of Research

  12. The Research Process – A Quick Glance • Formulate the research question • Conceptualizing a research design • Constructing an instrument for data collection • Selecting a sample • Writing a research proposal • Collecting data • Processing and displaying data • Writing a research report

  13. Formulating the Research Problem. • Formulating the research problem • Reviewing the literature • Identifying variables • Constructing hypothesis

  14. Steps to formulating a research problem • Identify a broad field or subject area that is interest to you • E.g. Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Nosocomal Infections, Laboratory Operations, Safety, Ethics, Public Health

  15. Steps to Formulating a Research Problem • Dissect the broad areas into sub-areas. You many have to do multiple dissections • Cancer • Cervical, Breast, Prostate, Lung, Liver, the Leukemias, Brain etc • Epidemiology of cancer, cancer markers, cancer treatment, cancer survival, knowledge of cancer

  16. Steps to formulating a research problem • Select what is of most interest to you • Raise research questions • Epidemiology of the Leukemia • Has the amount of people who have been getting leukemia increased over the years • Which is the most prevalent form of leukemia • Who gets which form of leukemia • What are the characteristics of the persons who survive leukemia versus those who do not • Are the leukemias concentrated in a certain geographical area

  17. Steps to formulating a research problem • Formulate your objectives • Taken directly from research questions – better written and more specific • To determine whether the incidence of leukemia has increased over the last 10 years • To determine how the leukemias are distributed with respect to type and has this changed over the years • To describe the general demographics of the persons who develop the different forms of leukemia within the past 10 years

  18. Steps to formulating a research problem • Asses your objectives • Double check everything

  19. Considerations in selecting a research problem • Limitations in the availability of resources such as time and money usually result in a need to prioritize among various research projects. Seven factors have been identified that should be considered before choosing the most appropriate topic

  20. Considerations in selecting a research problem • Relevance • Avoidance of Duplication • Feasibility • Political Acceptability • Applicability • Urgency of Data • Ethical Acceptability

  21. Considerations in selecting a research problem • Environmental Health • Human Resource Development • Chronic non-communicable diseases • Strengthening of Health Care Systems • Food and Nutrition • Family Health • Communicable Diseases • Mental Health and Substance Abuse

  22. The Literature Review • Functions • It provides a theoretical background to your study • It helps establish the links between what you are proposing and to examine what has already been studied • It enables you to show how your findings have contributed to the existing body of knowledge in your profession

  23. The Literature Review • In relation to your own study, the literature review can help in four ways • Bring clarity and focus to your research problem • Improve your research methodology • Broaden your knowledge base in your research area • Contextualize your findings

  24. The Literature Review • Books • Advantage – the material published in books are usually important and are of very good quality and the findings are integrated with other research to form a coherent body of knowledge • Disadvantage – the material is not completely up to date and it can take a few years between the completion of work and its publication in the form of a book

  25. The Literature Review • Journals • Advantage – they provide you with the most up to date information. However sometimes there is a gap between completion of research and publication, but it is not as long as books • Disadvantage – The information is very piecemeal and you may have to go thru tonnes of articles before you can come up with an appropriate body of knowledge

  26. Literature Review • Finding a Journal • BIOMED CENTRAL • MEDLINE • PUBMED • BIOLINE • HINARI • JSTOR • AGORA • EBSCO

  27. Typical Lit Review • Cancer • Introduction of Leukemia (definition, signs and symptoms, how it is caused, how treated, types of leukemia) • General Epidemiology Leukemia in the world and how the numbers have been changing over the years • Leukemia in the Caribbean • Start relating your objectives to your literature review

  28. Literature Review • PLEASE WRITE YOUR REFERENCES AS YOU GET THEM • DO NOT WAIT TILL THE END TO DO IT • I SUGGEST INDEX CARDS OR REFERENCE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

  29. Variables – If it exists it can be measured (Babbie, 1989) • Independent Variable • Dependent Variables • Extraneous Variables • Intervening Variable

  30. The Research Design • Who will constitute the study population • How will the study population be identified • Will the sample or whole population be selected • If sample used, what kind of sampling will be done • What method of data collection will be used and why

  31. The Research Design • In the case of the questionnaire, where will the responses be returned • How should respondents contact you if they have queries • In the case of interviews, where will they be conducted • How will the ethical issues be taken care of

  32. Types of Study Designs

  33. Selecting a Method for Data Collection • Primary Data • Observation – Participant and Non-Participant • Interviewing – Structured or Unstructured • Questionnaire – Mailed Questionnaire or Collective Questionnaire • Secondary data • Government publications, earlier research, Census, Personal Records, Client histories and Service records

  34. Sampling – Defining the Study Population • The sample population can be defined by geographical boundaries, for example the population of a country or a community. • It can also be defined in terms of other characteristics such as age, gender or disease status. • It is important that the inclusion and exclusion criteria be clearly stated

  35. Sample Size • The minimum sample size for an investigation should be determined during the planning stage and depends on the study design • Formulae are used to objectively determine the number of subjects that are needed, however this number may have to be revised because of unavailability of subjects, inadequate resources and limited time

  36. Ethical Issues in Research • Respect for Persons • Beneficence • Non-Malificence • Justice • Vulnerable populations • Conflict of Interest

  37. DATA ANALYSIS • Tests to Consider • EPI Info Version 6 and Epi Info 2000 will be used to enter and analyse the data. • Also SSPS • The Chi square statistical test (p value 0.05) will be used to determine the level of significance between KAP and socioeconomic background since these are two categorical or qualitative variables. • The t-test (p value 0.05) will be used to determine the level of significance between prevalence rates and socioeconomic backgrounds since the former is a quantitative variable and the latter is a qualitative variable

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