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What counts as evidence in recent Icelandic reform policy? The role of OECD

What counts as evidence in recent Icelandic reform policy? The role of OECD. Berglind Rós Magnúsdóttir, brm@hi.is; University of Iceland Jón Torfi Jónasson, jtj@hi.is; University of Iceland NERA 2019 - Uppsala. Aims. (2008-2018) Educational Quality Reform (EQR)

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What counts as evidence in recent Icelandic reform policy? The role of OECD

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  1. What counts as evidence in recent Icelandic reform policy? The role of OECD Berglind Rós Magnúsdóttir, brm@hi.is; University of Iceland Jón Torfi Jónasson, jtj@hi.is; University of Iceland NERA 2019 - Uppsala Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  2. Aims • (2008-2018) Educational Quality Reform (EQR) • starting with a comprehensive Education Act for all school levels in 2008 (fundamental school reform) and a • follow-up incremental school reform in 2014; • emphasizing quality evaluation, formative testing, parental choices and practices, competency based curriculum, inclusive schooling and equity, and decentralization) Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  3. Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  4. 47 pages 19000 words 33 References • Research Questions: • How did Icelandic government draw on regional and/or international knowledge in the policy formulation of the White Paper 2014? • What counts as evidence and expertise according to bibliographical and citational analysis of the White Paper of 2014 • Who are the main knowledge providers and what kind of knowledge is interpreted, adapted or recontextualized in terms of a) values, b) numerical data and c) policy advice • that 90% of all studentsreachbasicPISA standards in reading/literacy • thatthepercentage of studentswhograduatefromuppersecondaryschoolontimewillrise of about 15% Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  5. References in the White Paper (2014) by author, place and publisher Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  6. References in the White Paper (2014) by author, place and publisher • General information and recommendations from transnational organizations like OECD • Case study-reports on Iceland from OECD • Comparative surveys from transnational organizations like OECD (surveys like PISA, PiRls and Talis) • Ideas from international think-tanks (like McKinsey), • Comparative information from each country collected by European institutions like Eurydice and European Commission • Policy borrowing from other states/nations like Ontario in Canada. Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  7. Type of documents in WP2014 (N: 33)Predominance of reports (2/3 or 67%) Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  8. Location of publishers in the WP (2014): 33Predominance of International References (72%)Almost half of the international REFs are OECD Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  9. WP (2014) References in OECD Documents National OECD Policy Knowledge OECD 2008 Study on Digital Learning Resources as Systemic Innovation: Country Case Study Report on Iceland OECD (2012) Iceland Improving Schools Review. Preventing Dropout in Upper Secondary Education in Iceland OECD (2013b) Economic Surveys: Iceland 2013 OECD (2013c) Reviews of Vocational Education and Training a Skills Beyond School Commentary on Iceland TRANSLATION (Shared References/Knowledge) OECD (2013a) Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD (2012) PISA 2012 Results in Focus OECD (2005a) The Definition and Selection of Key Competencis Executive Summary OECD (2005b). Attracting , Developing and Retaining Effective Teachers – Final Report: Teachers Matter OECD (2013d) Education at a glance OECD (2011) Germany: Once Weak International Standing Prompts Strong Nationwide Reforms for Rapid Improvement International OECD Policy Knowledge Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  10. WP (2014) References in OECD Documents National OECD Policy Knowledge OECD 2008 Study on Digital Learning Resources as Systemic Innovation: Country Case Study Report on Iceland OECD (2012) Iceland Improving Schools Review. Preventing Dropout in Upper Secondary Education in Iceland OECD (2013b) Economic Surveys: Iceland 2013 OECD (2013c) Reviews of Vocational Education and Training a Skills Beyond School Commentary on Iceland TRANSLATION (Shared References/Knowledge) OECD (2013a) Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD (2012) PISA 2012 Results in Focus OECD (2005a) The Definition and Selection of Key Competencis Executive Summary OECD (2005b). Attracting , Developing and Retaining Effective Teachers – Final Report: Teachers Matter OECD (2013d) Education at a glance OECD (2011) Germany: Once Weak International Standing Prompts Strong Nationwide Reforms for Rapid Improvement International OECD Policy Knowledge Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  11. WP (2014) References in OECD Documents OECD 2008 Study on Digital Learning Resources as Systemic Innovation: Country Case Study Report on Iceland OECD (2013c) Reviews of Vocational Education and Training a Skills Beyond School Commentary on Iceland

  12. Analysis of Citations in the 11 OECD reports • Of the 47 pages in the WP2014 OECD (66 times) or PISA (52 times) is mentioned in 40 pages (analysed by Atlas.ti) • Content analysis of the citations • Numerical data • Values/frameworks • Policy Advice Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  13. Conclusion • References in the white paper 2014 • Predominance of reports (72%) • Predominance of international references (67%) • Thereof the half is OECD • No Icelandic Academic references (except one from the year 1903……) • No Nordic references • The OECD National Reports on Education in Iceland (2) • are more national than the White Paper (2014) in terms of using Icelandic references • Citations of OECD in the White Paper 2014 are a mix of values/conceptual framework, numerical data and advice but the numerical data are the dominant form of knowledge that lead the advice given for the Icelandic policy. Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

  14. Discussion • Among the methodological issues we are grappling with is the problem of attribution, both because of the • dearth of Icelandic references • but simultaneously because of mediated or indirect influences of the external agencies through the Icelandic agents. Symposium: Policy Knowledge and Lesson Drawing in Nordic School Reform in an Era of International Comparison

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