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Synchrophasor : Implementation,Testing & Operational Experience

Synchrophasor : Implementation,Testing & Operational Experience. Uttam Mishra. Doble Engineering Company. Presentation Topics. Phasor Measurement Unit. Definition : Phasor Phasor is a vector which has magnitude and angle Corresponds to a sinusoidal waveform . θ.

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Synchrophasor : Implementation,Testing & Operational Experience

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  1. Synchrophasor: Implementation,Testing & Operational Experience UttamMishra Doble Engineering Company

  2. Presentation Topics

  3. Phasor Measurement Unit • Definition : Phasor • Phasor is a vector which has magnitude and angle • Corresponds to a sinusoidal waveform θ

  4. Phasor Measurement Unit PMU typical configuration:

  5. Phasor and Synchro Phasor • Time aligned Phasor : Synchro Phasor • GPS satellites provides time stamp • Time aligning helps to analyze system events G G Zs 21 21 θ θ

  6. Total Vector Error Error Expected Phasor Actual Phasor Ref = 1% TVE ≈ .573 degrees (.01 * 360 / 2π) ≈ 26.5 μs (at 60 Hz)

  7. Back up applications • Power system stability • Two ended fault location algorithm • System diagnostics • Distributed Busbar protection • Load shedding • Wide area frequency monitoring

  8. Power Swing Detection • Protections settings done with known max and/or min operating conditions of power system events • Actual operation of power system events may not be optimal for the setting of the protection • PMU provides Phasors in real time • Better decision can be made on load shedding and system stability • Real time Phasor value helps to fine tune State estimation

  9. PMU : Power Swing • Calculate the angle difference due to disturbance • Apply equal area criteria • Make stability decision • Angle between will vary due to disturbance • Algorithm determines if diverging or settling • Blocking or tripping decision to be made G G Zs 21 21 θ θ

  10. Distance to Fault • Single ended fault location algorithm inaccuracy • Fault resistance, load flow & non homogenous system • PMU enables double ended fault location • PMU data from both end of the line provides very accurate fault location • Reclose decision can be made for mixed overhead and cable transmission line • Improved line patrolling :Better productivity & Reliability • Fault location algorithm is based on positive sequence system parameters

  11. CFE Network

  12. Automatic Generation Shedding • CFE implemented AGSS scheme • CFE has generation in southeast part of the country while the large load is in the center • If the angle between generation & load bus exceeds certain value, generation can be tripped • Loss of 400kV transmission capacity can cause system out of step condition • One line out of service : 70 Phase shift • Both line out of service : 140 Phase shift • CFE chose 100 to be setting for load shedding

  13. CFE Network Remote Phasor Trip Selected Generators Ʃ + - Local Phasor PU Cyc 0 Threshold

  14. Europe System Disturbance: November 4, 2006

  15. Grid Islanding 10 GW surplus 51.4 Hz 8.9 GW deficit 49 Hz 0.8 GW deficit 49.7 Hz

  16. Resynchronisation • A number of uncoordinated unsuccessful attempts made without knowledge of the overall UCTE situation • Full resynchronisation after 38 minutes Source: UCTE

  17. UCTE root cause analysis • Main points: • (N-1) security rule, inadequate inter-TSO coordination • Lack of situational awareness • Other factors (wind farms, lack of coordination)

  18. Improvements since 2006: Situational awareness • Web-based visibility of cross-border flows in Europe, • RAAS – real-time awareness and alarming system Coordinated (N-1) security analysis • All national files are merged into one common CE load flow file. • each TSO downloads the complete system and perform complete (n-1) calculation.

  19. PMU Testing Concepts Goal: under various conditions, make sure that the reported each PMU data message matches the expected values for each Phasor Vector, Frequency Deviation and ROCOF.

  20. PMU Testing Standard • Defined in IEEE C37.118.1 • Specifies quantities to vary, ranges to vary over, and required accuracies under different conditions. • Includes steady state tests, dynamic tests, and transient tests

  21. IEEE C37.118.1 Requirements • Steady state tests • Frequency • Voltage • Current • Phase (discrete or continuous) • Harmonic Distortion • Out of band interference • Dynamic tests • Phase and Amplitude Modulation • Phase Modulation • Linear Frequency Ramp • Transient tests (NYI in Protection Suite) • Magnitude step • Phase step

  22. Setting up a test - Hardware (PC, F6150 and PMU each have IP addresses) Protection Suite  F6150 : Waveform definitions, start time Protection Suite  PMU : Request config, start transmission F6150  PMU : Generated waveforms PMU Protection Suite : Config response, phasor data stream

  23. Summary • Synchrophasors can be put as following in power system protection and control. SCADA Wide Area PMU’s Protection Local Area Back up Protection Main Protection Local Point msec minute Time sec

  24. Summary • PMUs and WAMS enable a new dimension of monitoring power grid operation. • Synchrophasors solve the problem of time incoherency required for wide-area power system control. • situational awareness and alarming system will help to avoid unwanted disturbance

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