Chapter 14 “The Behavior of Gases”

1. Chapter 14“The Behavior of Gases”

2. Section 14.1The Properties of Gases • OBJECTIVES: • Explain why gases are easier to compress than solids or liquids are.

3. Section 14.1The Properties of Gases • OBJECTIVES: • Describe the three factors that affect gas pressure.

4. Compressibility • Gases can expand to fill its container, unlike solids or liquids • The reverse is also true: • They are easily compressed, or squeezed into a smaller volume • Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume matter decreases under pressure

5. Compressibility • This is the idea behind placing “air bags” in automobiles • In an accident, the air compresses more than the steering wheel or dash when you strike it • The impact forces the gas particles closer together, because there is a lot of empty space between them

6. Compressibility • At room temperature, the distance between particles is about 10x the diameter of the particle • Fig. 14.2, page 414 • How does the volume of the particles in a gas compare to the overall volume of the gas?

7. Variables that describe a Gas • The four variables and their common units: 1. pressure (P) in kilopascals 2. volume (V) in Liters 3. temperature (T) in Kelvin 4. amount (n) in moles • The amount of gas, volume, andtemperature are factors that affect gas pressure.

8. 1. Amount of Gas • When we inflate a balloon, we are adding gas molecules. • Increasing the number of gas particles increases the number of collisions • thus, the pressure increases • If temperature is constant- doubling the number of particles doubles the pressure

9. Pressure and the number of molecules are directly related • More molecules means more collisions. • Fewer molecules means fewer collisions. • Gases naturally move from areas of high pressure to low pressure because there is empty space to move into – a spray can is example.

10. Common use? • Aerosol (spray) cans • gas moves from higher pressure to lower pressure • a propellant forces the product out • whipped cream, hair spray, paint • Fig. 14.5, page 416 • Is the can really ever “empty”?

11. 2. Volume of Gas • In a smaller container, the molecules have less room to move. • The particles hit the sides of the container more often. • As volume decreases, pressure increases. (think of a syringe)

12. 3. Temperature of Gas • Raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure, if the volume is held constant. • The molecules hit the walls harder, and more frequently! • Fig. 14.7, page 417 • Should you throw an aerosol can into a fire? What could happen? • When should your automobile tire pressure be checked?

13. Section 14.2The Gas Laws • OBJECTIVES: • Describe the relationships among the temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas.

14. Section 14.2The Gas Laws • OBJECTIVES: • Use the combined gas law to solve problems.

15. The Gas Laws • These will describe HOW gases behave. • Gas behavior can be predicted by the theory. • The amount of change can be calculated with mathematical equations. • You need to know both of these: the theory, and the math

16. Robert Boyle(1627-1691) • Boyle was born into an aristocratic Irish family • Became interested in medicine and the new science of Galileo and studied chemistry.  • A founder and an influential fellow of the Royal Society of London • Wrote extensively on science, philosophy, and theology.

17. #1. Boyle’s Law - 1662 Gas pressure is inversely proportional to the volume, when temperature is held constant. • Pressure x Volume = a constant • Equation: P1V1 = P2V2 (T = constant)

18. Graph of Boyle’s Law – page 418

19. - Page 419

20. Jacques Charles (1746-1823) • French Physicist • Part of a scientific balloon flight on Dec. 1, 1783 – was one of three passengers in the second balloon ascension that carried humans • This is how his interest in gases started • It was a hydrogen filled balloon – good thing they were careful!

21. #2. Charles’s Law - 1787 • The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature, when pressure is held constant. • This extrapolates to zero volume at a temperature of zero Kelvin.

22. Converting Celsius to Kelvin • Gas law problems involving temperature will always require that the temperature be in Kelvin. (Remember that no degree sign is shown with the kelvin scale.) • Reason? There will never be a zero volume, since we have never reached absolute zero. Kelvin = C + 273 °C = Kelvin - 273 and

23. - Page 421

24. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778 – 1850) • French chemist and physicist • Known for his studies on the physical properties of gases. • In 1804 he made balloon ascensions to study magnetic forces and to observe the composition and temperature of the air at different altitudes.

25. #3. Gay Lussac’s Law - 1802 • The pressure and Kelvin temperature of a gas are directly proportional, provided that the volume remains constant. • How does a pressure cooker affect the time needed to cook food? • Sample Problem 14.3, page 423

26. #4. The Combined Gas Law The combined gas law expresses the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature of a fixed amount of gas. Sample Problem 14.4, page 424

27. The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws! • If the temperature remains constant... P1 V1 P2 x V2 x = T1 T2 Boyle’s Law

28. The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws! • If the pressure remains constant... P1 V1 P2 x V2 x = T1 T2 Charles’s Law

29. The combined gas law contains all the other gas laws! • If the volume remains constant... P1 V1 P2 x V2 x = T1 T2 Gay-Lussac’s Law

30. Section 14.3Ideal Gases • OBJECTIVES: • Compute the value of an unknown using the ideal gas law.

31. Section 14.3Ideal Gases • OBJECTIVES: • Compare and contrast real an ideal gases.

32. 5. The Ideal Gas Law #1 • Equation: P x V = n x R x T • Pressure times Volume equals the number of moles (n) times the Ideal Gas Constant (R) times the temperature in Kelvin. • R = 8.31 (L x kPa) / (mol x K) • The other units must match the value of the constant, in order to cancel out. • The value of R could change, if other units of measurement are used for the other values (namely pressure changes)

33. The Ideal Gas Law • We now have a new way to count moles (amount of matter), by measuring T, P, and V. We aren’t restricted to only STP conditions: P x V R x T n =

34. Ideal Gases • We are going to assume the gases behave “ideally”- in other words, they obey the Gas Laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure • An ideal gas does not really exist, but it makes the math easier and is a close approximation. • Particles have no volume? Wrong! • No attractive forces? Wrong!

35. Ideal Gases • There are no gases for which this is true; however, • Real gases behave this way at a) high temperature, and b) low pressure. • Because at these conditions, a gas will stay a gas! • Sample Problem 14.5, page 427

36. #6. Ideal Gas Law 2 • P x V = m x R x T M • Allows LOTS of calculations, and some new items are: • m = mass, in grams • M = molar mass, in g/mol • Molar mass = m R T P V

37. Density • Density is mass divided by volume m V so, m M P V R T D = D = =

38. Real Gases and Ideal Gases

39. Ideal Gases don’t exist, because: • Molecules do take up space • There are attractive forces between particles - otherwise there would be no liquids formed

40. Real Gases behave like Ideal Gases... • When the molecules are far apart. • The molecules do not take up as big a percentage of the space • We can ignore the particle volume. • This is at low pressure

41. Real Gases behave like Ideal Gases… • When molecules are moving fast • This is at high temperature • Collisions are harder and faster. • Molecules are not next to each other very long. • Attractive forces can’t play a role.

42. Section 14.4Gases: Mixtures and Movements • OBJECTIVES: • Relate the total pressure of a mixture of gases to the partial pressures of the component gases.

43. Section 14.4Gases: Mixtures and Movements • OBJECTIVES: • Explain how the molar mass of a gas affects the rate at which the gas diffuses and effuses.

44. #7 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures For a mixture of gases in a container, PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . • P1 represents the “partial pressure” or the contribution by that gas. • Dalton’s Law is particularly useful in calculating the pressure of gases collected over water.

45. If the first three containers are all put into the fourth, we can find the pressure in that container by adding up the pressure in the first 3: 2 atm + 1 atm = 6 atm + 3 atm 4 3 2 1 Sample Problem 14.6, page 434

46. Diffusion is: • Molecules moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration. • Example: perfume molecules spreading across the room. • Effusion: Gas escaping through a tiny hole in a container. • Both of these depend on the molar mass of the particle, which determines the speed.

47. Diffusion:describes the mixing of gases. The rate of diffusion is the rate of gas mixing. • Molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration. • Fig. 14.18, p. 435

48. Effusion: a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container -Think of a nail in your car tire… Diffusion and effusion are explained by the next gas law: Graham’s

49. 8. Graham’s Law RateA MassB RateB  MassA • The rate of effusion and diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the molecules. • Derived from: Kinetic energy = 1/2 mv2 • m = the molar mass, and v = the velocity. =

50. Graham’s Law • Sample: compare rates of effusion of Helium with Nitrogen – done on p. 436 • With effusion and diffusion, the type of particle is important: • Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and effuse faster than gases of higher molar mass. • Helium effuses and diffuses faster than nitrogen – thus, helium escapes from a balloon quicker than many other gases!