Antebellum America: Post War of 1812 to the Civil War APUSH Exam Review Session III

1. Antebellum America: Post War of 1812 to the Civil WarAPUSH Exam Review Session III

2. The Economic Revolution The Market Revolution / Industrial Rev. in the US • Between 1800-1850, US population doubles twice Growth of Industry • Initial industrial mechanization – New England • Samuel Slater brings stolen plans to America (1791) • Lowell builds water-powered textile mills (1814) • First machines = Water Frame, Spinning Jenny, Spinning Mule • Labor largely provided by young, unmarried women (Lowell Girls) • Raw material = Slave grown southern cotton

3. Industrial Mechanization • COTTON GIN – Eli Whitney • Standardization of parts – Eli Whitney Factory System: • Cottage Industry > Factory System • Division of Labor reduces need for skill • Economies of Scale = larger scale production Favorable Business Laws: • Starting in 1811, states pass laws easing the creation of corporations, which allowed for the raising of capital needed for larger projects.

4. U.S. Government Supports Economic Growth Hamilton & Clay champion AMERICAN SYSTEM: • Protective tariffs, internal improvements, US Bank The Marshall Court Empowers the Govt to Regulate the Economy: • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Declared a state law unconstutional • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) protected contracts • McCulloch v. Mary. (1819) Govt could create the BUS, no state tax • Cohens v. Virginia (1821) SCOTUS could review a state court ruling • Gibbons v. Odgen(1821) Fed Gov to control interstate commerce

5. Growth of Commercial Agriculture Contributing Factors: • Subsistence Farming > Commercial Agriculture • Cheap western land • Easy credit – especially from state banks • Improved transportation – especially to the west • Native American threat reduced/eliminated

6. Mechanization in Agriculture Mechanization = Fewer farmers needed, which allowed for more labor for industrial growth. • John Deere’s Steel Plow • Cyrus McCormick’s Mechanical Reaper • Joseph Glidden’s Barbed Wire Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin caused southerners to invest in slaves and NOT agricultural mechanization.

7. Transportation Revolution ROADS • The National Road, begun in 1811, will eventually connect Maryland and Illinois and will be funded by state and federal $$$. CANALS • The Erie Canal (1825) connects the Great Lakes – Hudson River – New York City, increasing east-west trade and sectionalism.

8. Transportation Revolution STEAMBOAT 1807 Robert Fulton’s steamboat Clermontmakes roundtrip river trade possible. Dramatically increases speed of transportation. RAILROADS By the 1830s, RRs were competing with canals for carrying freight – especially in the old NW. *Advocates of canals in NY had been able to hamper/delay the development of RRs.

9. Effects of the Market Revolution • Movement of Americans west and to industrializing areas. • Increased ag output feeds growing urban areas. • Work increasingly as separate sphere from home. • Women were in some cases working, and generally gaining some control over their lives. • Upward social mobility possible, while gap between the rich and poor increased. • Slavery was expanded as cotton became “KING”.

10. Antebellum Reforms The Second Great Awakening: Religious revival movement that swept the US during the early 1800s. Partly as a reaction against the rationalism (faith in human reason over spiritual faith) that had been in fashion during the Enlightenment and American Revolution. • SGA made religion/faith more emotional and easier convert and practice. • SGA = growth of Baptists and Methodists • Charles Finney preaches in NY’s “Burned-Over” district. (Burned-over because of the revivals preaching fire and brimstone.) Numerous reform movements will come out of this region of NY.

11. The Second Great Awakening Mormons: Joseph Smith establishes the Church of Latter-Day Saints in 1830, in western NY. Community Divisions: Newer, evangelical sects often challenged older Protestant churches for parishioners and influence in the community.

12. Antebellum Social Reforms • Some historians argue that it was the Market Revolution, with its materialism and impact on the traditional home that sparked reforms. • However, many argue that the religious fervor that came out of the SGA was more influential. • Millennialism (the second coming of Christ) • Believers had to prepare themselves, their families, and their communities for the second coming. • Getting their communities “right with the Lord” manifested in wide ranging reforms. • Many of these reforms were led by women.

13. Antebellum Reform Movements TEMPERANCE – Alcohol abuse was widespread and identified as the origin of many of societies’ problems. Will become the largest reform movement. PRISON/ASYLUMS – Efforts to reform both the prison and insane asylum systems. Prison = rehabilitation and the separation of convicts and mentally ill. (Dorothea Dix) PUBLIC EDUCATION – Horace Mann in Massachusetts championed tax-supported public education for children. SUFFRAGE – 1848 Seneca Falls meeting hosted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton initiates the drive for the vote.

14. Changing Roles for Women Women’s lives were changing during this period. • In industrial/urban areas, women stayed at home with children (Cult of Domesticity) • Some middle-class women, inspired by the SGA, became involved in reform movements. • In most reform movements, even if women were the majority of the members, women were relegated to secondary roles. • Sarah & Angelina Grimke were outspoken critics of this male chauvinism.

15. Challenging Slavery • The SGA encouraged the view that slavery = sin. • Moderate Anti-Slavery position called for gradual emancipation, compensation to owners, and sending Blacks back to Africa. (American Colonization Society) • American Anti-Slavery Society (ABOLITIONISM) called for an immediate abolishment of slavery. • William Lloyd Garrison & The Liberator made abolitionism a moral crusade. • Political abolitionism = Liberty Party • Black abolitionists: Frederick Douglass & David Walker, Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831) • Growing abolitionism in the North contributes directly to sectionalism as southerners feel increasingly threatened.

16. Antebellum Culture Transcendentalists: Challenged established religious and economic doctrines. They argued for a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover one’s inner self and looked to nature for the essence of the divine. Unlike many of their fellow countrymen, they felt that artistic expression was more important than the pursuit of wealth. • Ralph Waldo Emerson & Henry David Thoreau Utopian Societies – Some attempted to withdraw from society to create an ideal community. Among these included: Brooke Farm, Oneida, and New Harmony.

17. Antebellum Arts & Literature Art: Everyday life and ordinary people were a theme of Antebellum artists like George Caleb Bingham, while natural beauty, most notably the Hudson River School, was captured by artists like William Mount and Frederick Church. Literature: Writers focused on American themes for the first time: James Fenimore Cooper, Nathanial Hawthorne, and Herman Melville.

18. Manifest Destiny Factors contributing to westward settlement: • Much of the threat from Native Americans is removed after the War of 1812. (and their lands are seized) • Economic push factors like the embargo and War of 1812, as well as the cash crops that were exhausting the soil in the old colonial South. • Improved transportation helped to get to the west and get agricultural products to market. • Immigrants were attracted to the opportunity for land in the new territories.

19. Manifest Destiny – Territorial Acquisitions • 1819 Florida acquired from Spain • 1820 Missouri Compromise (sectional warning bells& compromise over 36°30’) • 1823 Monroe Doctrine • 1846-48 War with Mexico & Treaty of Guadalupe

20. Antebellum Politics (1816-28) The Federalist Party collapsed during the War of 1812; however, some of its nationalist ideas persisted like the need for a national bank, protective tariffs, and a standing army. Issues that contributed to sectionalism and the second party system: • Tariffs • Internal Improvements • Land Policies • National Bank • Reforms

21. Second Generation of Political Leaders • John Quincy Adams • John Marshall • Daniel Webster • Henry Clay • John C. Calhoun • Andrew Jackson • Martin Van Buren

22. The Age of Jackson as a Period of Change Things to remember about Jackson: • The first westerner to elected president • He was a self-made man, yet a wealthy slave owner • He was a champion of the common man • He was a military/national hero comparable to Washington • To him politics were intensely personal and partisan, reflecting political sentiments of the day • This political partisanship gave way to the creation of the Democratic Party

23. Jacksonian Democracy Jackson’s Political Prejudices: • The Federal Government had become the domain of the wealthy elite. • These elite interests too often used the government to their advantage. • These artificial advantages were unfair, corrupting and inherently undemocratic. • Jackson’s primary target – Henry Clay’s American System of govt support for: • Internal Improvements • National Bank • Protective Tariffs

24. Jacksonian Democracy Jackson’s Philosophy on Government: • Government of the elite ultimately becomes inefficient and corrupt. • A rotation system, where by new democratizing blood would make government more democratic, less corrupt, and more responsive to the will of the voter. (SPOILS SYSTEM) *Jackson’s creation of the spoils system directly contributed to political partisanship and political party formation. Factors contributing to the growth of Jacksonian Democracy: • The number of Americans voting dramatically expands. • As growing number of Americans experience opportunity, they are more demanding of the govt to guarantee equality of opportunity.

25. The Nullification Crisis The Economic Roots of the Crisis: • Historic southern hostility toward tariffs. • By the 1830s, Cotton constitutes at least 50% of all US exports. • The Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) • Fears in South Carolina that enhanced federal authority encouraged by a high tariffs could be turned against the institution of slavery. Why so sensitive about slavery? • Rabid abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator in 1831 • Nat Turner’s 1831 rebellion locked the South into a perpetual state of terror and fear • “King Cotton” dominated the southern economy

26. The Nullification Crisis • The Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions provided a historical precedent. • Calhoun wrote Exposition & Protest, in which he laid out his Doctrine of Nullification. • This Nullification Doctrine stated that federal legislation that was detrimental to the interests of a state (like a tariff) could be declared null and void; • If three-fourths of the states agreed, the legislation would be void nation-wide; • If the federal government refused to allow its laws to nullified by a single state, that state had the right to secede. *Webster-Hayne Debates (1830) bring issue to Congress.

27. The Nullification Crisis • In 1832, Congress increases tariff rates. • South Carolina responds by declaring the Tariffs of 1828 & 1832 null and void, prohibiting the collection of tariffs, and threatening secession if the federal government intervened. • Jackson announced that federal law was supreme, secession was illegal, and all who participated were committing treason. • Congress passed the Force Bill granting Jackson the power to prepare for military action. • Clay brokers a compromise, whereby tariff rates would be reduced over 10 years and South Carolina suspended and later rescinded the Ordinance of Nullification.

28. Jackson and the Bank War Jackson’s Arguments against the BUS: • The BUS was a financial monopoly for its investors who were unfairly profiting from government deposits • Many Congressmen & Senators were on the payroll of the BUS – conflict of interest/corruption • The BUS had used its own political patronage and economic prowess to influence politics and elections The Opening Salvo in the Bank War: • The BUS president, Nicholas Biddle, pushed Congress to recharter the bank ahead of schedule to make it an election year issue. • Jackson vetoed the bill. (Jackson was the first president to use the power of the veto for partisan political purposes.) • The 1832 election was seen referendum on the BUS.

29. Jackson and the Bank War The Bank War, Round 2: • Jackson interprets his victory over Henry Clay as a mandate to “kill” the BUS – esp. after he discovers that the Bank had financially supported Clay’s campaign. • To kill the BUS, Jackson calls on Roger B. Taney to redirect federal deposits to state “pet” banks, while continuing to use federal deposits in the BUS for govt expenditures. • Biddle raises interest rates and constricts the supply of money hoping that the resulting recession 1833-34 would be blamed on Jackson. (Only strengthened Jackson’s claim that the BUS was too independent and powerful.)

30. Jackson’s Legacy • More so than any of his predecessors, Jackson expanded the power of the Executive Branch. • While a strong Executive, many of Jackson’s policies favored states’ rights advocates and thus increased sectional tensions. • His populistic, egalitarian rhetoric provided a platform and vocabulary for the emerging Democratic Party. • In opposition to Jackson, the Whig Party is established.

31. The Union in Peril (1848-1861) Causes of the conflict: • Slavery, as a growing moral issue in the North, verses its defense and expansion in the South. • Constitutional disputes over the nature of the federal union and states’ rights. • Economic differences between the industrializing North and the agricultural South over such issues as tariffs, banking, and internal improvements. • Political blunders and extremism on both sides that accelerated tension and reduced the possibility for compromise.

32. Political Divisions in the 1850s Democrats: • “Outsiders” who opposed capitalist transformation • skilled workers who resented wage labor • Catholics who resented the Protestant dominated Whig Party – esp. on reform • Heirs of Jefferson & Jackson who challenged elite, wealthy institutions • Often racists, and committed to the preservation of slavery • Immigrants who were exploited by industrial capitalism • Democratic strongholds: Northern urban areas, South, and the parts of the West Whigs (Republicans after 1854): • “Insiders” who benefitted from capitalist transformation. • White collar workers • Upper-class Protestants • Northern & Western farmers that lived near/depended on transportation routes • Those that favored/benefited from improved internal improvements • Supporters of tariffs • Supporters of a national bank • Reform minded – esp. temperance & abolitionism • Anti-Catholic • Anti-Immigrant • Free Soil

33. Flashpoint – Slavery in the West Major Events in the Expansion of Slavery: • 1820 Missouri Compromise • 1846-48 War with Mexico & Mexican Cession • Compromise of 1850 • 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act • 1857 Dred Scott Ruling

34. Flashpoint – Challenges to Slavery Major Events that Challenged Slavery: • Growing abolitionist movement in the North • The Free Soil Movement (Free Soil Party 1848) • Northern challenges to Federal Fugitive Slave Laws • Growing awareness of slavery – Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) • The fall of the Whig Party • Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Bleeding Kansas • 1854 Birth of the Republican Party • John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859) • The Election of Republican Abraham Lincoln (1860)