Chapter 12 Services

1. Chapter 12Services Christina & Kishore

2. What is a service? It’s any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide for it.

3. What are the three types and there purposes? • Consumer Services – purpose to provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay them. • Business Services – purpose is to facilitate other businesses. • Public Services – purpose is to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

4. Distribution of Jobs in the us

5. Examples • Retail & Wholesale Services: Department Stores, grocery markets, and clothing stores. • Education Services: Tutoring (Kumon). • Health Services: Health care, certain hospitals and nursing homes. • Leisure & Hospitality Services: Restaurants, bars, hotels, theatres and other entertainment. • Financial Services: “Fire” • F- Financial (banks) • I – Insurance • R & E – Real Estate • Professional Service: • Technical Services – law, accounting, architecture, engineering, design, consulting • Support Services – clerical, secretarial, custodial • Transportation & Info Services: Trucking, publishing, broadcasting and utility work such as water and electricity. Consumer Services Business Services

6. Examples • All Federal, State, and Local Government jobs such as Public Schools, Firefighters, and Police Officers. Public Services

7. Early Urban Settlements • Earliest ones included services in Ancient Cities like Ur and Uruk in Mesopotamia. • Later ones include Ancient Athens (1st Mediterranean Settlement) which encompasses Knossos, Troy and Mycenae. They were trading centers for thousands of islands which were organized into city-states. Athens was the largest city-state. Provided both consumer services and cultural activity. • Another later one included Ancient Rome, urban settlement expanded during Roman Empire. These settlements were center of administrative, military, public services and retail and consumer services. Trade = Transportation. Rome fell = urban settlements fell = trade fell. • Urban life revived in Europe about the 11th century. • Feudal Lords created urban settlements through feudalism. • Trade on the uprising around 14th century. • In Feudalism the most important services were in the town square, things like church and palaces.

8. Contemporary Rural Settlements • Archeological Studies show that settlements built first for consumer and public services; later business services came into play.

9. From 1927 to 2009 • Primary and Secondary Jobs declined and employment in the service sector grew. • Consumer Services – increased in health care, nursing homes, and home – health care and some large increases in Education, Entertainment and recreation. • Business Services – Expanded in professional services very rapidly (engineering, management, law) and also expanded in finance and transportation services due to improved efficiency. • Public Services – overall have just declined in that last two decades.

10. Early Services…

11. Contemporary Settlements

12. Contemporary settlements These settlements are centers for agriculture and generally provide a small amount of service. These settlements are centers for consumer and business services. Rural Settlements Urban Settlements

13. Rural settlements • Clustered – • place where a number of people live in close proximity to one another. • Includes homes, barns, tool sheds, churches, schools, shops, and some business services. • Often called a village or a hamlet. • Disadvantages… • Lot of time moving around between fields • Needed more roads to connect smaller lots • Restricted in what to plant • Circular – • Consists of a central open space surrounded by structures. • Kraal villages – enclosures for livestock in center and houses surrounded them. • German Gewanforf – core of houses, barns and churches encircled by different agricultural activities. • Linear - • Comprised of buildings clustered along a road, river or dike to facilitate communications. • Behind the building you’d have the field and it would be long and narrow • French long-lot system • Houses were along the river • This formal allowed access of everyone to the river. • Colonial American – • New England built • Centered around a “common” – open area • Homes and building grouped around them. • Settlers also had 1-5 acres land of barn, garden or enclosures of livestock feeding. • Favored… • Settlers traveled together, wanted to live close together so they could protect against attacks together. • Some remnants of old clustered rural settlements. • Dispersed – • place where farmers living on individual farms are isolated from neighbors. • Common in American colonies. • Middle colonies had a very heterogeneous settlement = land bought individually. Later spread to Mid-West and New England and was successful b/c of larger population and the people were less interested in religious and cultural values. • Great Britain converted into this to improve production which led to enclosure movement which coincided with the Industrial Revolution. • Brought together one large farm and increased productivity at the cost of village life.

14. Rural vs. urban settlements • Rural settlements were always exceeded urban settlements till 2008. • Louis Wirth defined cities by three characteristics and argued these three characteristics; size, density, social heterogeneity. These produced different social behavior between the residents.

15. Urbanization • Definition – process by which the population of urban settlements grows. • The number of people living in the cities can increase and there can also be an increase in the percent of people living in the city. (living in the urban area vs. the rural area) • The higher the percent of people living in a city the higher the country’s level of development. • MDC’s have a higher percentage of urban people but LDC’s have larger urban settlements. • 8/10 of the most populous cities are in LDC’s • Buenos Aires, Delhi, Dhaka, Calcutta, Mexico City, Mumbai, Sao Paolo, and Shanghai. • More people move to the urban area usually because of economic opportunities.

16. Central place theory & Market area • The most important factor in the profitability of a consumer service is picking the right location and the CPT helps by identifying that location. • It was first invented by Walter Christaller and worked well in regions that weren’t majorly industrialized and/or interrupted by physical barriers. • Concept was further developed in the U.S.A. • Central Place – market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. • You want to locate centrally to maximize ability from surrounding area. • Central places create competition by competing against each other to serve as the market for that surrounding area. • Portrayed with hexagons. • Market Area – the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted to. • Also called hinterland • Like a Nodal Region – core is where the characteristic is most intense. • Establish market area by simply drawing a circle around a node of service on a map. • People prefer to get services from nearest locations so customers near the center of the circle obtain services from local establishments. • U.S. can be divided into Market Areas, and about 171 functional regions exist called “daily urban systems”

17. Market area size • Varies with service… • Range and Threshold Determine Extent of Market Area • Range – maximum distance people are willing to travel for use of a service • Expressed in travel time then in distance. • People are usually willing to go a shorter range for certain services compared to others. (Food vs. Rock Concert) • Threshold – minimum number of people needed to support the service. • All businesses need at least a certain amount of audience/customers to yield a profit. • After a provider calculates Range, he then needs to find the potential customers and count them and see if he has enough. • Census data usually helpful.

18. Market Area analysis • Determines whether a good or service is going to be profitable in that location. • Now you need to determine the area to maximize profits. • Best location in a linear settlement - • Gravity model – predicts more people more profit and farther the people the less profit. • Customer patterns – the more people the more possible customers. • Best location in a non-linear settlement – • Apply gravity model but instead compare multiple potential sites by calculating the average distance people are from that place and there density, and the site with the highest density is the most profitable.

19. Hierarchy and Nesting Small settlements are only able to support services that have small thresholds as they don’t have enough population to support many of the larger services. Making larger settlements contain a diverse selection of services. MDC’s have many settlements with small ranges, and thresholds and few with large ranges and thresholds. Nesting – overlapping hexagons of CPT. • 4 levels of market area • Hamlet • Village • Town • City

20. Rank-size and periodic markets • Rank-size distribution – • MDC’s, ranking settlements by size produce a regular pattern. • Rank Size Rule… • Country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement…i.e. 2nd largest is ½ the size of the largest. • Nation that follows this rule tends to be a society that is sufficiently wealthy to justify the provision of goods and services to consumers. • Primate City Rule… • Largest settlement has more than twice the second largest. • Largest city = primate • LDC’s • Periodic Markets – • Collection of individual vendors who come together on a specific day to offer goods and services. • Services at the lower end of the Central Place Hierarchy • Used to provide goods to LDC’s or rural areas of MDC’s. • Usually on the streets, outside, mobile, and carrying small quantity.

21. World cities • Services… • World cities are most closely integrated into the global economic system and these business services concentrate in the disproportionately large numbers in them. • New technological advances in transportation and communication were suppose to disperse and stop the clustering of world cities. • Business Services… • Industrial Revolution has caused the modern world cities business services to cluster. • Headquarters, shares of major corporations, lawyers, accountants, and advertising agencies and all others cluster in world cities. • Consumer Services… • Large size (population) have large and diverse services and goods available. • Many liesure services cluster in world cities because of the large size and money.

22. World cities • Public Services… • World cities have national and international power (capitals, etc) • Contain: palaces, mansions, national legislative structure, court, and government offices. • Government affiliated jobs • There are some exceptions like NYC. • Business Services are further broken down: • Dominant…i.e. London, NYC • Major…i.e. Chicago, LA • Secondary…i.e. Houston, Sydney • Command and Control Centers – contains headquarters of big corporations: • Regional and sub regional • Specialized Producer-services Centers – highly specialized services: • Management group and centers of gov’t and education group • Dependent Centers – relatively unskilled jobs

23. LDC’s Business services and the global economy • Offshore Financial Services • Taxes • Income, profits and capital gains = almost nothing • Offshoring centers has tax-free exemption • US alone loses about $70 billion each year just in taxes because of offshored corporations. • Privacy • Secrecy laws • Assets protected from malpractice suits • Hide illegal activities • Back-office functions • BPO or Business-processing outsourcing • Includes processing insurance claims, payroll management, transcription work and so-on. • Attractive in LDC’s b/c of cheaper labor compared to MDC’s.

24. Unique collection of basic industries Economic base • Basic Industry • Export outside of settlement • Settlements distinctive economic structure is derived from their basic industry. • % of workers in different businesses vs. % of workers in an industry and if that % is higher it is a basic industry • Non-basic Industry • Customers live in the same community • Specialization of cities in different services • Certain cities have basic activities that that city is spatially known for. • Distribution of talent • Not even • Some cities have higher percent of talented individuals