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The Thirty Years War 1618-1648

The Thirty Years War 1618-1648. The Thirty Years War is complex. Main conflict b/w the different states who had religious differences. It was a war over Catholic-Protestant Issues. And it was a war b/w the Hapsburg empire & various German states.

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The Thirty Years War 1618-1648

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  1. The Thirty Years War 1618-1648

  2. The Thirty Years War is complex. Main conflict b/w the different states who had religious differences.

  3. It was a war over Catholic-Protestant Issues

  4. And it was a war b/w the Hapsburg empire & various German states

  5. Various countries from outside the region interfered or actively fought in the war. Millions died in this war.

  6. France supported Protestant states in order to keep Germany weak, disunited, & weaken the Hapsburg Empire

  7. Sweden & Denmark fought to support the Protestant cause & to test their armies.

  8. Mercenaries from all over Europe joined the different stages of the War.

  9. Result: wide spread devastation & destruction — most destructive war prior to the Napoleonic Wars.

  10. War begins with w/Defenestration of Prague, a very famous story! (1618)

  11. The two Catholic emissaries thrown out a window, when Bohemian Protestants questioned their motives. They land in a manure pile

  12. Defenester: To throw out window First Defenestration occurred when supporters of martyred Jan Huss threw out members of the council onto barbed pikes below. Several were killed. (1417)

  13. New HRE, Ferdinand, moves on Bohemia to restore order & authority. He’s: devout Catholic.

  14. Bohemia looks for help from the Protestant Elector Frederick V to defend their cause. Frederick will be up against the emperor, Ferdinand.

  15. Frederick was married to Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I of England.

  16. After defeat of Bohemia, Ferdinand re-enforces empire w/Spanish troops. Spaniards flood into the Catholic German States.

  17. Stage 2: The Danish Phase (1625-1629) Ferdinand is elected as HRE again. confiscates the lands of the Bohemian nobles who joined Frederick’s cause Jesuits stream into Bohemia to re-convert the Protestants

  18. Ferdinand, a Catholic, appoints a new army to counteract the Danish threat. He appoints Albert of Wallenstein known as “Wallenstein.”

  19. Wallenstein, a former Protestant, recruits and develops a professional army—answerable to him, only. Quickly defeats the Danish in 1629.

  20. After the Danes are defeated, an Edict of Restitution (1629) is declared. This means that all church territories, that were allowed to be Protestant under the Peace of Augsburg (1553) are now Catholic again.

  21. Phase 3: The Swedish Phase (1630 - 1635) • After the Danish Defeat, the Catholics swarm over protestant Germany. • The Augsburg peace is ignored • It seems as if the Reformation will be undone.

  22. Gustavus Adolphus • King of Sweden • Cardinal Richelieu lures Adolphus into taking up the Protestant cause. • A brilliant leader • Courageous • Organized most modern army of its time

  23. Gustavus is busy Fighting the Poles, but Richelieu persuades him To take up the Protestant Cause. He does. Richelieu sends $$$$ to Sweden

  24. Hence, Richelieu of Catholic France aids Protestants against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire

  25. Richelieu, you are the consummate backstabber… I am, but you see, I can get others to fight my wars for me, while I continue to strengthen Fr.

  26. Gustavus Adolphus takes the Leadership against the Catholics

  27. Under his leadership, Sweden wins victories. Sadly, Adolphus is killed at the battle of Lutzen in 1632.

  28. Wallenstein assassinated by his own men.

  29. The Swedish French Phase, 1635-1648 This time, Richelieu clearly on side of the Protestants & supports Swedes. France joins Protestant cause.

  30. When Spanish attack =France moves toward Spain! Spanish Troops attack from France from the Spanish Netherlands France retaliates by attacking Catalonia, Spain

  31. Germans view all interference from Spain, Sweden, France, & think: Get Out!

  32. Peace talks begin in Westphalia • Huge peace conference • The church (pope) is not involved, nor does the pope sign the treaties • Calvinism added to mix: now ------Lutheranism, Catholicism, & Calvinism

  33. The Holy Roman Empire dissolves

  34. German states now have stronger individual rights: Germany remains weak & divided.

  35. Germany was physically devastated

  36. Between 3-7 mil died in the Thirty Years War

  37. Eng, Holland, and Fr take the lead in European trade, culture & politics

  38. Germany’s separate states will hinder trade and progress for many years. Not fully unite until 1870.

  39. And Adolph Hitler himself will refer to foreign interference as a festering sore in his seminal work, Mein Kampf

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