Using The Behavioral Approach

1. Using The Behavioral Approach Define and contrast the three types of behavioral learning theories (contiguity, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning), giving examples of how each can be used in the classroom. Developed by W. Huitt & J. Hummel (1999)

2. There are five categories of activities that can be addressed with behavior modification techniques: Adapted from: Krumboltz, J., & Krumboltz, H. (1972). Changing children's behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall. Behavior Modification Techniques • Develop a new behavior • Strengthen a behavior • Maintain an established behavior • Stop inappropriate behavior • Modify emotional behavior

3. Behavior Modification Techniques Develop a new behavior To teach a child to act in a manner in which he has seldom or never before behaved, reward successive steps to the final behavior (also called shaping). Successive Approximation Principle

4. Behavior Modification Techniques Develop a new behavior To develop a new behavior that the child has not previously exhibited, arrange for an immediate reward after each correct performance. Continuous Reinforcement Principle

5. Behavior Modification Techniques Develop a new behavior To increase a child's performance in a particular way, arrange for him to avoid or escape a mild aversive situation by improving his behavior or by allowing him to avoid the aversive situation by behaving appropriately. Negative Reinforcement Principle

6. Behavior Modification Techniques Develop a new behavior To teach a child to remember to act at a specific time, arrange for him to receive a cue for the correct performance just before the action is expected rather than after he has performed it incorrectly. Cueing Principle

7. Behavior Modification Techniques Strengthen a new behavior To encourage a child to continue performing an established behavior with few or no rewards, gradually require a longer time period or more correct responses before a correct behavior is rewarded. Decreasing Reinforcement Principle

8. Behavior Modification Techniques Strengthen a new behavior To improve or increase a child's performance of a certain activity, provide the child with an intermittent reward. Variable Reinforcement Principle

9. Behavior Modification Techniques Maintain an established behavior To change reinforcers when a previously effective reward is no longer controlling behavior, present it just before (or as soon as possible to) the time you present the new, hopefully more effective reward. Substitution Principle

10. Behavior Modification Techniques Stop an inappropriate behavior To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may allow him to continue (or insist that he continue) performing the undesired act until he tires of it. Satiation Principle

11. Behavior Modification Techniques Stop an inappropriate behavior To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may arrange conditions so that he receives no rewards following the undesired act. Extinction Principle

12. Behavior Modification Techniques Stop an inappropriate behavior To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may reward an alternative action that is inconsistent with or cannot be performed at the same time as the undesired act. Incompatible Alternative Principle

13. Behavior Modification Techniques Stop an inappropriate behavior To stop a child from acting in a certain way, remove a pleasant stimulus immediately after the action occurs. Since response cost results in increased hostility and aggression, it should only be used infrequently and in conjunction with reinforcement. Response Cost Principle

14. Behavior Modification Techniques Modify emotional behavior To teach a child to avoid a certain type of situation, simultaneously present to the child the situation to be avoided (or some representation of it) and some aversive condition (or its representation). Avoidance Principle

15. Behavior Modification Techniques Modify emotional behavior To help a child overcome his fear of a particular situation, gradually increase his exposure to the feared situation while he is otherwise comfortable, relaxed, secure or rewarded. Fear Reduction Principle