Завод за унапређивање образовања и васпитања

1. Завод за унапређивање образовања и васпитања Аутори: Наставни предмет: Тема: Узраст: • Стојковић Велина, Средња школа, Велико Градиште • Мишић Јасмина, Основна школа ,,Иво Лола Рибар’’, Велико Градиште • Ташић Зоран, Средња школа, Велико Градиште • Енглески језик • We only have one home • 2. година Кликните овде за унос приказа часа у Word документу! Handout Креативна школа 2011/12.

2. Олуја идеја Global problems of today

3. Гледање видео клипова А) The Earth pollution B) The Earth-one video you need to see

4. Fill in the circles using the icons of smilies to express your feelings and thoughts about the videos you’ve watched Video A Video B I believe I could do something about it. I care about it. I’ll think about it. I ‘m worried. I’m not sureI can do anything. I want to know more. We should talk about that. It’s too late! I feel endangered. I enjoyed it. I don’t mind. Great! I feelsafe. I’m so sad. I’ll investigate it. I love it. I’m surprised. I’m very angry!

5. Fill in the table

6. Checking homework

7. Making groups ECOLOGISTS LOCAL AUTHORITIES BUSINESS PEOPLE INVESTORS (BIG CORP.) LOCAL FARMERS

8. LOCAL FARMERS ECOLOGISTS LOCAL AUTHORITIES BUSINESS PEOPLE INVESTORS (BIG CORPORATIONS)

9. Give your opinion I completely disagree I am neutral I disagree I agree to some extend I completely agree

10. BOXES SCHOOL TOWN INDUSTRY SECTOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES BUSINESS PEOPLE ECOLOGISTS FAMILY INTERNET INVESTORS (BIG CORP.) LOCAL FARMERS

11. Air pollution Air is a mixture of gases that fills the atmosphere, giving life to the plants and animals that make Earth such a vibrant place. Air is almost entirely made up of two gases (78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen), with a few other gases (such as carbon dioxide and argon) present in absolutely minute quantities. Air pollution is a gas released in a big enough quantity to harm the health of people or other animals, kill plants or stop them growing properly, damage or disrupts some other aspect of the environment. What are the causes of air pollution? Anything people do that involves burning things (combustion), using household or industrial chemicals or producing large amounts of dust has the potential to cause air pollution. Traffic-There are something like a half billion cars on the road today—one for every two people in rich countries such as the United States. Virtually all of them are powered by gasoline and diesel engines that burn petroleum to release energy. Smog-Smog (a combination of the words "smoke" and "fog") forms when sunlight acts on a cocktail of pollutant gases such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, unburned hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide; that's why it's sometimes called photochemical smog (the energy in light causes the chemical reaction that makes it). One of the most harmful constituents of smog is a toxic form of oxygen called ozone, which can cause serious breathing difficulties and even, sometimes, death. Power plants-Renewable energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines are helping us generate a bigger proportion of our power every year, but the overwhelming majority of electricity is still produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil, mostly in conventional power plants. Just like car engines, power plants should theoretically produce nothing worse than carbon dioxide and water; in practice, fuels are dirty and they don't burn cleanly, so power plants produce a range of air pollutants. Industrial plants and factories-Plants often release small but significant quantities of pollution into the air. Industrial plants that produce metals such as aluminum and steel, refine petroleum, produce cement, synthesize plastic, or make other chemicals are among those that can produce harmful air pollution. Most plants that pollute release small amounts of pollution continually over a long period of time, though the effects can be cumulative. What effects does air pollution have? Human health-According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is one of the world's biggest killers: it causes around two million people to die prematurely each year. For every person who dies, hundreds or thousands more suffer breathing problems such as asthma and bronchitis. Workers exposed to high levels of dust sometimes suffer years of misery before dying from illnesses such as silicosis. Agricultural effects-Air pollution can seriously affect the growth of plants. At one end of the spectrum, it's easy to find chemical residues in plants that grow alongside highways. At the opposite extreme, the huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide now causing global warming and climate change is expected to have a major impact on the world's agriculture (reducing crop yields in some places but potentially increasing yields elsewhere). Acid rain-When rain falls through polluted air, it can pick up some of the pollution and turn more acidic—producing what's known as acid rain. Simply speaking, the air pollution converts the rain into a weak acid. When acid rain accumulates in lakes or rivers, it gradually turns the entire water more acidic. That's a real problem because fish thrive only in water that is neutral or slightly acidic. Once the acidity drops below about pH 6.0, fish soon start to die—and if the pH drops to about 4.0 or less, all the fish will be killed. Global warming-Every time you ride in a car, turn on the lights, switch on your TV, take a shower, microwave a meal, or use energy that's come from burning a fossil fuel such as oil, coal, or natural gas, you're almost certainly adding to the problem of global warming and climate change. While it's not an obvious pollutant, carbon dioxide has gradually built up in the atmosphere, along with other chemicals known as greenhouse gases. Together, these gases act a bit like a blanket surrounding our planet that is slowly making the mean global temperature rise, causing the climate to change, and producing a variety of different effects on the natural world, including rising sea levels.

12. Global warming and climate changeThanks to a variety of things that people do, Earth is getting slightly warmer year by year. It's not really warming up noticeably—at least not in the short term. In fact, since 1900, the whole planet has warmed up only by around 0.8 degrees centigrade. By the end of the 21st century, however, global warming is likely to cause an increase in Earth's temperature of around 2–5 degrees centigrade. Global warming is caused by a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. A greenhouse (or glasshouse) is good for growing things because it traps heat inside and stays hotter than the atmosphere around it. The natural greenhouse effectEarth's atmosphere behaves like a gigantic greenhouse, though it traps heat a different way. Gases high in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, behave like a giant piece of curved glass wrapped right round the planet. The Sun's rays pass straight through this greenhouse gas and warm up Earth. The warming planet gives off heat energy which radiates out toward space. Some of this outgoing radiation does not pass through the atmosphere, but is reflected back down to Earth, effectively trapping heat and keeping the planet about 33 degrees hotter than it would otherwise be. This is called the natural greenhouse effect and it's a good thing. Without it, Earth would be much too cold to support the huge diversity of life that it does.The enhanced greenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect would be nothing to worry about were it not for one important thing. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries, humans have been using energy in far greater quantities. Most of the energy people use is made by burning these so-called fossil fuels—producing huge clouds of carbon dioxide, which are known as carbon dioxide emissions. The carbon dioxide drifts up into the atmosphere and makes Earth's greenhouse gas just a little thicker. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. As a result, more of the Sun's heat gets trapped inside the atmosphere and the planet warms up. To summarize: burning fossil fuels give off carbon dioxide, which increases the greenhouse effect and heats the planet—the process we call global warming. The problem is getting worse all the time. If things continue as they are, we'll soon be using nearly twice as much energy and getting even more of it from fossil fuels. Without drastic action, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will continue to increase—and Earth will continue to heat up. In other words, global warming will get worse. What is climate change?Scientists believe that greater amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and hotter temperatures on Earth, will significantly change the climate across the whole planet. Some places will be hotter some of the time, but most places will simply see more erratic and extreme weather. That could mean heavier rainfall on occasions, more snow in some places, longer periods of drought, more storms and hurricanes, and more frequent heat waves. What will be the impacts of climate change?As Earth warms up, the oceans warm up too—very slowly but significantly. Water expands as it warms so, as the oceans are heated, the water they contain takes up more volume, and this makes the level of the seas rise. The seas also rise when glaciers and ice sheets melt, feeding more water into the oceans. Sea-level rise is one of the major impacts of global warming. Another very obvious consequence of global warming is that the North and South Poles are warming dramatically. Sea ice in the Arctic has reduced by about 8 percent over the last 30 years—that means an area of ice the size of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark (or Texas and Arizona) combined has now disappeared. By 2100, the North Pole may be so warm that its ice disappears entirely in summer. Antarctica, at the South Pole, contains around 90 percent of the world's ice. Why do these things matter? The ecosystems in different regions of our planet are finely balanced. In the Polar Regions, for example, plants and animals are adapted to living in extreme cold, with little sunlight, and hardly any rainfall. In the tropics, plants and animals are used to a much warmer and wetter climate. The poles may become too warm for many of the creatures that live there. If the climate change happened slowly, things would have time to adapt: plants that like the cool could gradually shift northwards and grow at higher latitudes. But with a relatively rapid climate change, plants and animals may not be able to adapt quickly enough—and many will become extinct. .

13. Organic food and farmingHave you noticed the organic section in your local grocery store? If you've never bought organic, you might be wondering what's so special about it. Is it really better for you? And what's the deal with organic clothes? How does that work? What does "organic" actually mean?Organic food is produced without the use of artificialfertilizers or pesticides and many people buy it because they think it's better for their health. Whether that's true or not is still debated, but there are lots of other reasons for going organic. Intensive agriculture gives us cheap and plentiful food, but it's also one of the biggest sources of environmentalpollution. Fertilizers—and the much more deadly pesticides and herbicides used with them—ultimately find their way into rivers and seas. Sometimes they break down harmlessly, but they're just as likely to build up and bioaccumulate in creatures that eat them (including humans). Organic food, grown without artificial chemicals, is one way to help reduce the problem.What's so good about organic clothes?You don't eat clothes, so where's the benefit there? Consider where the cotton comes from and how it's grown. Cotton is the world's favorite—and most polluting—fiber. Much of it is grown in developing countries using labor practices many of us would find shocking in the 21st century. It's not uncommon to find young children working 8-12 hours a day in the cotton fields when they should be in school. In 2007, a report in the Hindustan Times suggested there were 400,000 ("four lakh") children working in Indian cotton fields, with over half of them below the age of 14. Whether they're children or adults, cotton workers have to wander through the fields spraying their crops with pesticides; about $7 billion worth of pesticides (much of it highly toxic) is sprayed on cotton each year. Buying organic clothes (especially ones labeled fair trade) helps farmers in developing countries who have chosen not to use pesticides. Why do organic things cost more?Many people find it puzzling that organic products are more expensive. After all, you're doing away with expensive chemicals... so shouldn't it be cheaper? Organic is typically a much smaller scale and more labor-intensive way of farming and that's why it costs more. As a responsible consumer, it's up to you to decide where to put your money. Are you happy to buy more of products that may have been grown in a harmful and irresponsible way? Are you willing to pay more (or, potentially, get less for your money) buying organic products that may help to protect the environment and the workers who produce them?Organic farmers understand that what you put into the soil has a profound impact on what you get out of it. That is why they rely on such practices as hand weeding, mechanical control, mulches, cover crops, crop rotation and dense planting, rather than toxic and persistent pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, to enrich the soil in which they grow their crops. They recognize that doing so provides plants with the nutrients they need to grow. Plus, it enables the absorption of major and micro-nutrients like Vitamin C, resulting in a higher nutrient content and often a better tasting crop. 

14. RecyclingThe best way to use Earth's resources more sensibly is to reduce the amount of things that we use and to reuse things instead of throwing them away. If we can't reduce or reuse, and we have to throw things away, recycling them is far better than simply tossing them out in the trash.Why is recycling important?The things we throw away have to go somewhere—usually they go off to be bulldozed underground in a landfill or burnt in an incinerator. Landfills look awful, they stink, they take up space that could be used for better things, and they sometimes create toxic soil and water pollution. Some authorities like to burn their trash in giant incinerators instead of burying it in landfills. That certainly has advantages: it reduces the amount of waste that has to be buried and it can generate useful energy. But it can also produce toxic air pollution and burning almost anything (except plants that have grown very recently) adds to the problem of global warming and climate change. Recycling saves materials, reduces the need to landfill and incinerate, cuts down pollution, and helps to make the environment more attractive. It also creates jobs, because recycling things takes a bit more effort than making new things. Recycling doesn't just save materials: it saves energy too. Different ways of recycling Recycling happens in two ways. Either your local government authority arranges a curbside recycling or you take your recycled items along to a local recycling center and place them in separate containers. If you have a curbside recycling scheme, you may be given a recycling box into which you can place certain types of waste, but not others. When the box is collected, it might be sorted out at the curb. People on the truck will take time to sort through your box and put different items into different large boxes inside the truck. So, when the truck arrives at the recycling station, the waste will already be sorted. Alternatively, you may see your whole box being tipped into the truck without any kind of sorting. The truck then takes your waste to a different kind of recycling station called a MURF, which stands for Materials Recycling Facility (MRF), where it is sorted partly by hand and partly by machine. Recycled materialsMost things that you throw away can be recycled and turned into new products. You can recycle up to half your kitchen and garden waste by making your own compost that forms when organic (carbon-based) materials biodegrade. It returns nutrients to the soil that helps your plants to grow. Some authorities arrange collections of biodegradable waste and make compost at a central location. Paper can be recycled only so many times. That's because it's made from plant fibers that become shorter during paper-making. One problem with recycling paper is that not all paper is the same. The higher the quality of paper waste, the better the quality of recycled products it can be used to make. Most of the metal we throw away at home comes from food and drink cans and aerosols. Typically food cans are made from steel, which can be melted down and turned into new food cans. Drinks cans are generally thinner and lighter and made from aluminum, which can also be recycled very easily. Waste wood is often turned into new wooden products—such as recycled wooden flooring or garden decking. Old wooden railroad sleepers are sometimes used as building timbers in homes and gardens. Waste wood can also be shredded and stuck together with adhesives to make composite woods such as laminates. It can also be composted or burned as a fuel. Glass is very easy to recycle; waste bottles and jars can be melted down and used again and again. Bottle banks were the original examples of community recycling in many countries. Waste oil from truck and car engines pollutes our rivers and seas, the wildlife that depend on them, and even the water we drink. If you take your waste oil to a recycling center, it can also be reprocessed into new products such as heating oil. Waste vegetable oils (made by frying food, for example) can be turned into a useful kind of vehicle fuel called biodiesel. Plastics cause by far the biggest problem. They last a long time in the environment without breaking down—sometimes as much as 500 years. They're very light and they float, so plastic litter drifts across the oceans and washes up on our beaches, killing wildlife and scarring the shoreline. There are many different kinds of plastic and they all have to be recycled in a different way. Plastic drinks bottles are usually made from a type of clear plastic called PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and can be turned into such things as textile insulation (for thermal jackets and sleeping bags). Milk bottles tend to be made from a thicker, opaque plastic called HDPE (high-density polyethylene) and can be recycled into more durable products like flower pots and plastic pipes. Another solution to the problem could be to use bioplastics, which claim to be more environmentally friendly.

15. Water pollutionIt means one or more substances have built up in water to such an extent that they cause problems for animals or people. Oceans, lakes, rivers, and other inland waters can naturally clean up a certain amount of pollution by dispersing it harmlessly. Thus, water pollution is all about quantities: how much of a polluting substance is released and how big a volume of water it is released into. A small quantity of a toxic chemical may have little impact if it is spilled into the ocean from a ship. But the same amount of the same chemical can have a much bigger impact pumped into a lake or river, where there is less clean water to disperse it. Main types of water pollutionHuge oceans, lakes, and rivers are called surface waters. The most obvious type of water pollution affects surface waters. For example, a spill from an oil tanker creates an oil slick that can affect a vast area of the ocean. A great deal of water is held in stored underground rock structures known as aquifers. This is groundwater. Groundwater pollution is much less obvious than surface-water pollution, but is no less of a problem. There are also two different ways in which pollution can occur. If pollution comes from a single location, such as a discharge pipe attached to a factory, it is known as point-source pollution. A great deal of water pollution happens not from one single source but from many different scattered sources. This is called nonpoint-source pollution. There are two main ways of measuring the quality of water-to take samples of the water and measure the concentrations of different chemicals that it contains and to examine the fish, insects, and other invertebrates that the water will support. What are the causes of water pollution?Sewage disposal affects people's immediate environments and leads to water-related illnesses such as diarrhea that kills 3-4 million children each year. Suitably treated and used in moderate quantities, sewage returns important nutrients to the environment, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which plants and animals need for growth. The trouble is sewage is often released in much greater quantities than the natural environment can cope with. Chemical fertilizersused by farmers also add nutrients to the soil, which drain into rivers and seas and add to the fertilizing effect of the sewage. Chemical waste Detergents are relatively mild substances. At the opposite end of the spectrum are highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another kind of toxic pollution comes from heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury. Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste at high enough concentrations can kill; in lower concentrations it can cause cancers and other illnesses. Oil pollutionOil slicks represent only a tiny fraction of all the pollution entering our oceans. Over 70% of oil pollution at sea comes from routine shipping and from the oil people pour down drains on land. However, what makes tanker spills so destructive is the sheer quantity of oil they release at once — in other words, the concentration of oil they produce in one much localized part of the marine environment.PlasticsPlastic is far and away the most common substance that washes up with the waves. There are three reasons for this: plastic is one of the most common materials; plastic is light and floats easily so it can travel enormous distances across the oceans; most plastics are not biodegradable. Alien speciesAlien species (sometimes known as invasive species) are animals or plants from one region that have been introduced into a different ecosystem where they do not belong. Outside their normal environment, they have no natural predators, so they rapidly run wild, crowding out the usual animals or plants that thrive there. Other forms of pollutionHeat or thermal pollution from factories and power plants also causes problems in rivers. By raising the temperature, it reduces the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water, thus also reducing the level of aquatic life that the river can support. Another type of pollution involves the disruption of sediments (fine-grained powders) that flow from rivers into the sea. This reduces the formation of beaches, increases coastal erosion and reduces the flow of nutrients from rivers into seas (potentially reducing coastal fish stocks).