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Where do our ideas come from?. Make Your Own Observations. Take 10 minutes to observe people outside Come up with 3 research questions Write down the 3 questions on a piece of paper Write down the observation that led to these question OBSERVATION QUESTION. Make Your Own Observations.
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Make Your Own Observations • Take 10 minutes to observe people outside • Come up with 3 research questions • Write down the 3 questions on a piece of paper • Write down the observation that led to these question OBSERVATION QUESTION
Make Your Own Observations • What did you come up with? OBSERVATION QUESTION
What's next? • Plausibility stage • Is the idea worthy of actual testing? • Acceptability stage • Mold the plausible idea into a working hypothesis
Positive Correlation r = 1.00
Positive Correlation . . . . . r = .64
Negative Correlation r = - 1.00
Negative Correlation . . . r = - .85 . .
Zero Correlation . . . . . r = .00
Correlation Coefficient • The sign of a correlation (+ or -) only tells you the direction of the relationship • The value of the correlation only tells you about the size of the relationship (i.e., how close the scores are to the regression line) • Correlations and cause and effect
Which is a bigger effect? r = .40 or r = -.40 How are they different?
Practice • Do you think the following variables are positively, negatively or uncorrelated to each other? • Alcohol consumption & Driving skills • Miles of running a day & speed in a foot race • Height & GPA • Forearm length & foot length
Practice • 1) Complete Questionnaire #1 • Do you like going to art museums? • Do you talk to a lot of different people at parties? • What time did you wake up this morning (the hour)?
Big-Five Inventory • Big-Five Inventory
E 1, 11, 16, 26, 36 R 6, 21, 31 A 7, 17, 22, 32, 42 R 2,12, 27, 37 C 3, 13, 28, 33, 38 R 8, 18, 23, 43 N 4, 14, 19, 29, 39 R 9, 24, 34 O 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44 R 35, 41 R 1 = 5 2 = 4 3 = 3 4 = 2 5 = 1
Agreeableness Trust Straightforwardness Altruism Compliance Modesty Tender-mindedness Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young Jedi is a good man. Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.
Extraversion Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity Excitement seeking Positive emotions Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man. He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled. Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence
Competence Order Dutifulness Achievement striving Self-discipline Deliberation Conscientiousness Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities. He is individual who can be relied upon. Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.
Neuroticism Anxiety Angry hostility Depression Self-consciousness Impulsiveness Vulnerability Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger (e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace). Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.
Openness to Experience Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways. C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.
The Big Five • Also known as the Five-Factor Model • Extraversion • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness • Neuroticism • Openness to Experience • OCEAN
Next Collect data Enter data Analyze data =CORREL(Array1, Array2) =CORREL (A2:A9, G2:G9)
Observational Research • Steps • 1) Limit your observations • What do you want to do? What is your hypothesis? • 2) Figure out how to code your observations • Will you use a videotape, questionnaire, EAR, etc.? • 3) Collect your data • Just do it! • 4) Create a coding system • How will you quantify your data? • 5) Analyze your data • What do the data tell you?
Observational Research • Types of Observational Research • Laboratory Research • Internet Research • Naturalistic Research
Observational Research in the Laboratory • Pros: • Controlled environment • Can control for extraneous variables (random assignment) • Cons: • Not realistic
Outline • Observational Research in the Laboratory • 1) Examples of observational lab research • 2) P II: Single behavior studies • 3) P III: Multiple behavior studies
Observational Research • Steps • 1) Limit your observations • What do you want to do? What is your hypothesis? • 2) Figure out how to code your observations • Will you use a videotape, questionnaire, EAR, etc.? • 3) Collect your data • Just do it! • 4) Create a coding system • How will you quantify your data? • 5) Analyze your data • What do the data tell you?
During interpersonal interactions how does the behavior of a person affect the behavior of another person?
Interpersonal Theory • Leary’s complementarity • Interpersonal behaviors tend to initiate or invite reciprocal interpersonal behaviors from the “other” person in the interaction • Act the same on “warmth” • Warmth encourages warmth • Coldness encourages coldness • Act the opposite on “dominance” • Dominance encourages submission • Submission encourages dominance
Method • Participates • 79 males; 79 females
Tasks • Each participant interacted in three different situations with an opposite sex stranger