Bonds, elements and H 2 0 Oh my!

Unit 1 Review Water and Carbon are life Bonds, elements and H20 Oh my! Macromolecules 101 Name that molecule Macromolecules 201 1010101010 2020202020 3030303030 40 4040 4040 5050505050

O H H H H H C H 1 - 10 Type of bond illustrated…

O H H H H H C H a 1-10 Covalent – sharing of a pair of electrons

1-20 These 4 elements make up 96% of living organisms

a1-20 Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

1-30 • 12C  normal ( protons, neutrons) • 13C  ( protons, neutrons) • 14C  ( protons, neutrons) • These atoms represent a carbon in different forms called __________________.

a1-30 • 12C  normal (6 protons, 6 neutrons) • 13C  (6 protons, 7neutrons) • 14C  (6 protons, 8 neutrons) • These atoms represent a carbon in different forms called Isotopes

1-40 – What type of bond is shown between these Water molecules?? + H – + H + –  – + Figure 3.2

– + Hydrogenbonds H – + H + –  – + Figure 3.2 a1-40

1-50 Battery acid has a pH of 1 And rain water a pH of 5. How many times more acidic is Battery acid compared to Rain water?? Which has a higher proportion Of OH- ions??

pH Scale 0 1 Battery acid 2 Digestive (stomach) juice, lemon juice Vinegar, beer, wine, cola 3 Increasingly Acidic [H+] > [OH–] 4 Tomato juice 5 Black coffee Rainwater 6 Urine Neutral [H+] = [OH–] 7 Pure water Human blood 8 Seawater 9 10 Increasingly Basic [H+] < [OH–] Milk of magnesia 11 Household ammonia 12 Household bleach 13 Oven cleaner 14 Figure 3.8 a1-50 Battery acid has a pH of 1 And rain water a pH of 5. How many times more acidic is Battery acid compared to Rain water?? 10,000 Which has a higher proportion Of OH- ions?? Rain water

Figure 3.4 2-10 What property of water is illustrated below…

A2-10 • Surface tension • Is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid • Is related to cohesion

Hydrogen bond Liquid water Hydrogen bonds constantly break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable Figure 3.5 2-20 Which is more dense liquid Water or ice?? Why?

A2-20 • The hydrogen bonds in ice • Are more “ordered” than in liquid water, making ice less dense

2-30 Water can dissolve anything That is ____________.

Negative oxygen regions of polar water molecules are attracted to sodium cations (Na+). – Na+ + + – + – – Na+ Positive hydrogen regions of water molecules cling to chloride anions (Cl–). – + + Cl – Cl– + – – + – + – – Figure 3.6 A2-30 • The different regions of the polar water molecule can interact with ionic compounds called solutes and dissolve them

2-40 ______________ are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

H H H C H H C H H H H H H H (a) Structural isomers C C C C H C H H C H C C H H H H H H H H H X X X C C C C (b) Geometric isomers X H H H CO2H CO2H C C (c) Enantiomers H H NH2 NH2 CH3 CH3 Figure 4.7 A-C A2-40 • Isomers • Are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

2-50 • Name that functional group… O OH C OH O H N P OH O H OH

A2-50 Hydroxyl Carboxyl O OH C OH Amine Phosphate O H N P OH O H OH

3-10 1 HO H 3 2 H HO Unlinked monomer Short polymer H2O What processes are happening here?? 1 2 3 4 HO H Longer polymer 1 3 HO 4 2 H H2O 1 2 H HO 3 H HO

1 3 HO 4 2 H 1 HO H 3 2 H HO Unlinked monomer Short polymer Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond H2O Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond H2O 1 2 3 4 HO H 1 2 H HO 3 H HO Longer polymer (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Figure 5.2A Figure 5.2B A3-10

3-20 State the empirical formula for a carbohydrate. Explain what such a formula means.

A3-20 • (CH2O)n Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen

3-30 Which one of the 4 types of macromolecules is shown below… O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C H C C C C C C C H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Figure 5.11

A3-30 Lipid – AKA - Fat molecule (triacylglycerol) t O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C H C C C C C C C H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

3-40 What parts make up a Neutral Fat (Triglycerides or Triacylglyycerols)

H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C H C H O H C C C C C C C C C HO H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C OH Fatty acid (palmitic acid) H C OH H Glycerol (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat Ester linkage O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C H C C C C C C C H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Figure 5.11 (b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol) A3-40 1 glycerol 3 fatty acid molecules

3-50 What structure is shown?? What side is hydrophobic? What side is hydrophilic? Where in our bodies is this molecule VERY important?

+ CH2 Choline N(CH3)3 CH2 O Phosphate Hydrophilic head – P O O O CH2 CH CH2 Glycerol O O C O C O Fatty acids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Hydrophobic tails (c) Phospholipid symbol (b) Space-filling model Figure 5.13 (a) Structural formula A3-50 What structure is shown?? Phospholipid What side is hydrophobic? Fatty Acid tail What side is hydrophilic? Phosphate head Where in our bodies is this molecule VERY important? Cell Membrane

4-10 Water “Loving” Water “Hating” What terms are given to molecules that have an affinity for or against water molecules?

A4-10 Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

4-20 Name 3 significant uses for proteins

A4-20 • Enzymes  reactions • Energy  although not preferred • Immunity  antibodies • Structure / Support  muscle, tendon, etc. • Hormones  insulin, epinephrine, prolactin • Carriers  hemoglobin carries O2

4-30 What structure is shown below? What are the 2 functional groups that are found in all of these structures?

A4-30 Amino Acid Amine group (NH2) Carboxyl group (COOH)

4-40 Describe the 1st 2 of the 4 levels of organization possible in a protein, and explain what forces are involved at each level.

A4-40 Primarysequence of amino acids • held together by peptide bonds Secondary segments of the polypeptide fold and coil in patterns • alpha helices • beta sheets • What forces? • H-Bonds

4-50 Describe the 3rd level of the 4 levels of organization possible in a protein, and explain what forces are involved in that level.

Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waalsinteractions CH CH2 CH2 H3C CH3 OH Polypeptidebackbone H3C CH3 Hyrdogenbond CH O HO C CH2 CH2 S S CH2 Disulfide bridge O -O C CH2 CH2 NH3+ Ionic bond A4-50 Tertiary bends and twists cause a three dimensional shape. • a. nonpolar R groups group together away from the polypeptide • b. H-bonds can form between polar R groups • c. 2 sulfhydryl groups can form a disulfide bridge • d. charged R groups can attract or repel

5-10 What type of macromolecule is shown?? What 3 monomers make up the macromolecule??

A5-10 • Nucleic Acid • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogenous base • DNA & RNA

5-20 What specific type of macromolecule is shown??

A5-20 Lipid- saturated fatty acid

5-30 What specific type of monomer are shown?? What type of macromolecule would a polymer of these structures produce? Why might these molecules produce a smelly odor?

A5-30 Monomer – Amino Acid Polymer – Protein They contain sulfur

5-40 What specific type of structure is shown?? What macromolecule does this structure represent?

A5-40 What specific type of structure is shown?? Phospholipid What macromolecule does this structure represent? Lipid

5-50 Where on this molecule is the peptide bond that is holding the 2 amino acids together??

Bonds, elements and H 2 0 Oh my!