World War I

1. World War I We will begin by discussing the questions about the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. Then take notes from the page from the desk. 1914 – 1918

2. Archduke Ferdinand assassinated-Bosnia, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Russia, Serbia’s ally mobilizes. (Prepares for war) Germany, A-H’s ally, demands that Russia stop. Russia refuses. France, Russia’s ally, mobilizes also. Germany declares war on Russia, then France. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan - knock out France, then focus on Russia England enters the war because of Schlieffen Plan. Germany would attack Belgium (England’s ally) to get to France. US declares neutrality in 1914. Forced to join in 1917. Chain of Events

3. Allied Powers vs. Central Powers • ALLIED POWERS • Russia • Serbia • France • England • US (1917) • CENTRAL POWERS • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Bulgaria • Ottoman Empire The Balkans

4. Trench Warfare Large ditches where troops waited out heavy enemy bombing before running into combat across no-man’s-land How many men can you find in this picture???

5. No-Man’s-Land Bombed out territory between trenches strewn with barbed wire and land mines.

6. Trench Warfare Moving along a 'sap trench' into no-man's-land as artillery shells explode nearby. The sap trench extended from the front line or firing trench into no man's land for ease in getting men rapidly out for their advance. Sap trenches were useful for night time trips into no man's land to collect bodies, aid the wounded, check the barbed wire, and gather information.

7. Life in the Trenches One-third of all Allied casualties occurred in the trenches.

8. Trench Rats The 4th Battalion Diary reports trenches infested with rats. In the unsanitary conditions of the trenches rats rapidly multiplied. Their only food supply in a landscape blasted by shells was discarded food, the contents of the latrines [which were a hole in the ground] and the dead. Horror stories of their bloated size and lack of fear abound. They routinely grew to the size of cats with this unlimited supply of food.

9. Trench Warfare

10. 2 of the Deadliest Battles • Stalemate- Neither side can gain an advantage. Situation in 1915. • Verdun & Somme. Both of these battles were attempts to end the stalemate of 1915. • 1 million casualties in each battle • 500,000 dead from each battle • End result is many deaths, but not much change in control of territory. • War of Attrition – A fight to wear down the enemy, regardless of the cost. End result is many deaths on both sides.

11. New Weapons Add To The Destruction Dogfight –aerial Battle between Planes.

12. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Germany’s use of “U-boats” to sink any ship that approached England. Military or passenger ships. • Lusitania 1,200 dead (128 Americans) • Sussex Pledge • German Pledge to end unrestricted submarine war on passenger ships.

13. READING ASSIGNMENT • Read “Inside World War I” about the experiences of two U.S. soldiers fighting in the war. • Answer the questions on notebook paper. Do #s 1 – 6 and the Activity at the bottom. • Turn in for a DAILY GRADE.

14. American Neutrality • 13. Isolationism– policy of avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries • What political belief is the opposite of Isolationism??? • Imperialism • Why would many Americans feel strong feelings of support for the Central Powers? • Many American citizens were German, Austrian, and Hungarian immigrants. We will continue with notes, watch a short video, then do a cut/paste activity.

15. American Neutrality Ends • 4 Events Bring the U.S. into World War I: • A strong connection existed between England and the U.S • Sinking of the Lusitania • Germany broke their Sussex Pledge • Zimmerman Note from Germany to Mexico • Germany offered CA, AZ, NM, & TX if they would attack the US • U.S. Enters The Great War on April 4, 1917.

16. GERMANY SURRENDERS! • 11:00AM, 11/11/1918 – ARMISTICE DAY

17. Veteran’s DayNovember 11th A day set aside to thank and honor ALL those who served honorably in the military - in wartime or peacetime.

18. Effects of the Great War • Russia, 1917: • Vladimir Lenin leads the Communist Revolution and declares neutrality • Russia exits World War I

19. U.S. Troops fight and win these battles: Chateau-Thierry Belleau Wood Battle of Argonne Forest German morale drops: Mutinies break out in the German Army & Navy Food riots break out among citizens U.S. Enters the War in 1917

20. Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points • Self-Determination. Countries effected by the war should be able to choose their own style of government • The causes of war should be stopped • A League of Nations should exist to prevent future offensive wars

21. THE BIG 4 • Representatives of the Allied Powers • USA – Woodrow Wilson • Great Britain – David Lloyd George • France – George Clemenceau • Italy – Vittorio Orlando • They write the Treaty of Versailles 1919

22. England and France At Versailles, England and France’s goals after World War I were very different from America’s Their main goal was to punish Germany.

23. “Harsh and Humiliating for Germany” Disarmed Germany Made them admit responsibility for the War Charged Billions in Reparations Divided the German and Ottoman Empires Created the League of Nations to keep peace U.S. Senate does not vote to join the League because they don’t want to commit US troops to fight for some other country Treaty of Versailles 1919

24. The Medal of Honor • Sergeant Alvin York • Most Famous American World War I Hero. • Led an attack on a German machine gun nest as his company was pinned down under heavy fire. • Led his small unit (6 – 8 men) to capture 32 German Machine Guns, Kill 28 German soldiers and capture 132 German prisoners in this one action. • Saved the lives of his entire company while having no regard for his personal safety.

25. The Medal of Honor • The Medal of Honor is the highest military award given by the U.S. Government. It is bestowed on a member of the U.S. Armed Forces who distinguishes themselves by risking their life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in action against an enemy of the United States. Because of the nature of its criteria, the medal is often awarded posthumously. • 3,468 have been awarded in American History. • 19 Men have received 2 separate Medals of Honor

26. Medal of Honor - Iraq PETTY OFFICER MICHAEL MONSOOR – 9/29/2006 Master-At-Arms Second Class, U.S. Navy, Ramadi, Iraq For risking his life above and beyond the call of duty in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. As a member of a Navy SEAL team, from a rooftop in enemy territory, P.O. Monsoor distinguished himself while in grave danger. In the early morning, insurgents prepared to execute a coordinated attack by scouting the area around the SEALs’ position. SEAL snipers thwarted the enemy's initial attempt by eliminating two insurgents. But, the enemy continued to assault the Americans, engaging them with a rocket-propelled grenade and small arms fire. As enemy activity increased, P.O. Monsoor took position with his machine gun between two teammates on an outcropping of the roof. While the SEALs vigilantly watched for enemy activity, an insurgent threw a hand grenade from an unseen location, which bounced off P.O. Monsoor's chest and landed in front of him. Although only he could have escaped the blast, P.O. Monsoor chose instead to protect his teammates. Instantly and without regard for his own safety, he threw himself onto the grenade to absorb the force of the explosion with his body, saving the lives of his two teammates. By his undaunted courage, fighting spirit, and unwavering devotion to duty in the face of certain death, P.O. Monsoor gallantly gave his life for his country, thereby reflecting great credit upon himself and upholding the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

27. In this 1919 quote, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes summarized the opinion of the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States. “The question in every case is whether the words used are used . . . to create a clear and present danger that . . . will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. . . . When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace . . . will not be endured so long as men fight, and . . . no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.” How did this ruling alter behavior within United States society? A Civil liberties were subject to interpretation during national crises. B Public debates concerning issues of national security were no longer tolerated. C Critical comments regarding the governing party were no longer tolerated. D Legal scholars were targets of investigations during national crises

28. 10 Bonus Points on Tomorrows World War 1 Test • Find your Study Guide. • Identify 15 of the Vocabulary terms and answer the 9 Review Questions. Be sure to write the questions. • Do all that before the class is over and you can have 10 Bonus Points on tomorrow’s test.

29. How did the Treaty of Versailles address Woodrow Wilson's concern about making the world safe for democracy? • A It established the principle of freedom of the seas. • B It divided former German colonies among the victors. • C It created an international organization to maintain the peace. • D It required Germany to pay reparations for the conflict damages.

30. Medal of Honor - Iraq SMITH, PAUL R. Sergeant First Class, United States Army 4/4/2003 For conspicuous gallantry at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty: SFC Paul R. Smith distinguished himself in action with an armed enemy near Baghdad, Iraq. On that day, SFC Smith was engaged in the construction of a prisoner holding area when his Task Force was violently attacked by a company-sized enemy force. Realizing the vulnerability of over 100 fellow soldiers, SFC Smith quickly organized a defense consisting of two platoons of soldiers. As the fight developed, SFC Smith braved hostile enemy fire to personally engage the enemy with hand grenades and anti-tank weapons, and organized the evacuation of three wounded soldiers from an armored personnel carrier struck by a rocket propelled grenade and a 60mm mortar round. Fearing the enemy would overrun their defenses, SFC Smith moved under withering enemy fire to man a .50 caliber machine gun mounted on a damaged armored personnel carrier. In total disregard for his own life, he maintained his exposed position in order to engage the attacking enemy force. During this action, he was mortally wounded. His courageous actions helped defeat the enemy attack, killed 50 enemy soldiers, and allowed the safe withdrawal of numerous wounded soldiers. SFC Smith’s extraordinary heroism and uncommon valor are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, the Third Infantry Division and the United States Army. http://www.history.army.mil/moh.html