The universe

2. The universe is made up of stars, planets and other matter scattered throughout space. The earth The Solar System The Milky Way The universe

3. A galaxy is a huge collection of stars held together by gravity. There are probably over a billion galaxies in the universe. The sun is just one of the common sized stars contained within our home galaxy, the Milky Way. • The solar system is made up of the sun and the objects that orbit(绕...轨道而行)it. These include the nine plants----Mercury水星, Venus金星, Mars火星, Jupiter木星, Saturn土星, Uranus.天王星, Neptune海王星and Pluto冥王星.

4. the Milky Way

5. The Solar System

6. The Solar system

7. Where are we?

8. Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars

9. Warming up 1.When we talk about science ,what subject will come into your mind ? Physics chemistry biology geology mathematics

10. 2.Some studies combine two or more these subjects. Discuss which science subjects are part of medicine, biochemistry , geophysics or astronomy. Astronomy Geophysics Biochemistry Medicine mathematics and physics geology and physics biology and chemistry biology and chemistry Frontier Science

11. 3.Fill in the blanks with the four frontier science above. Medicine The scientific study of treatment of diseases and injuries. The study of the chemistry of living things. The scientific study of the earth’s atmosphere , oceans and climate . The scientific study of objects in space ,such as planets ,stars , comets and“black holes” Biochemistry Geophysics Astronomy

12. Warming up: • Discussion: • What do we mean when we say we are studying a subject scientifically? To study a subject scientifically, you must: --- try to be objective; --- present your idea to be tested --- design an experiment to test the idea --- analyze the results --- draw a conclusion

13. Warming up: Discussion: 2. What are the most important skills we need to be real scientists? Some of the important skills are: --- accuracy( or being very careful), --- a logical approach, --- thorough writing of the experiment so someone else could redo the experiment from your notes --- be able to draw conclusions from the evidence and not impose conclusions on the data.

14. How life began on the earth The beginning of the universe Pangu separates the sky from the earth The sky and the earth were at first one blurred entity like an an egg. Pangu was born into it. The separation of the sky and earth took 18,000 years. Between the sky and the earth was Pangu, who went through nine changes every day, his wisdom, greater than that of the sky rose ten feet higher, the earth became ten feet thicker, and Pangu grew ten feet taller. Another 18,000 years passed, and there was extremely high sky, an extremely thick earth, and an extremely tall Pangu.

15. Stories about the beginning of the universe in China:

16. The Biblical Account “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said…” Day 1: God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night. Day 2: God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean. Day 3: God spoke and created dry land Day 4: God spoke and created the sun, moon and stars Day 5: God spoke and created living creatures in the air and sea Day 6: God spoke and created the land animals and man Day 7: God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy

17. Do you know what a scientific idea is? The Big Bang The big bang theory suggests that the universe was once extremely compact(紧密的) dense(密集的), and hot. Some original event, a cosmic (宇宙的) explosion called the big bang, occurred about 13.7 billion years ago, and the universe has been expanding (扩大的)and cooling.

18. Word study: Translate the following into English think of …as solar system in time generally speaking depend on at present make choices in existence astronomy oxygen • 把……当作 • 太阳系 • 总有一天；及时 • 一般地说来 • 信赖；取决于 • 目前 • 做出选择 • 现存的；存在的 • 天文学 • 氧

19. Reading comprehension: • Put the following sentences into Chinese: • What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. • 随后它会变成什么曾经是一个谜，直到最后这团尘埃开始慢慢地合成一个环绕太阳运转的球状物。 • 2. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not. • 问题是地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。

20. Reading comprehension: 3. It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases,which had become part of the earth’s atmosphere,into the oceans and seas. 它使得地球得以把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体，溶解在海洋里。 4. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. 在未来的千百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。

21. Scanning Read Para 1. and find out how the earth came out Big Bang Energetic dust a ball slowly combine it exploded and produced kinds of gases the earth’s atmosphere the earth cooled down water

22. Read the text very carefully, and fill out the chart: How life began on earth 1. small plants in water water 2. shellfish and all sorts of fish 11. 3. green plants on land small clever animals with Hands and feet 10. 4. Insects (on land) 5. Amphibians(on land and in water) 7. 8. dinosaurs (on land) 9.. reptiles(on land) 6. forests mammals(on land)

25. 4. What problem is caused by human beings? • A. They exist everywhere on the earth. • B. They caused global warming. • C. They find new methods of growing crops. • D. They enjoy hunting and fishing.

26. Read the text quickly,then do the following exercises. 1.On which planet did the living things live? Reading only on the earth 2.Divide the text into TWO parts and find out the main idea of each part. Part1 The earth’s coming into being and the requirements of the beginning of life. Part2 The life came into being on the earth (para1): (para2—para4):

28. Discussion 1.How do you think in some films and stories to show dino- aurs and People together? Why? 2.Why do you think that humans are the cleverest animals on the earth? 3. Is the earth getting warmer each year?If so, what effects will this have?what is the “green house effect”, which some scientists say might destroy our planet? How does it happen? Dinosaus died out long before human beings developed on the earth Because they have larger brains than any other creatures on the earth So far. the burning of the coal,oil,natural gas ,etc

29. Discussion Nowadays, we human beings are not taking good care of our earth. Work in group of four and try to find out in which way we are doing harm to the earth and what can we do to save our mother earth

30. make watch wonder be cool multiply begin exist explode Where do we come from? How did the universe __________ ? When we _______ the stars through the telescope, we _________ why the universe ________ . After the “Big Bang” ,the earth ______ just a cloud of energetic dust. Somehow it _________ loudly with fire and rock, which ______ the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth _______ down water _______ to appear on its surface, which was important for the beginning of life. Then living things __________ on the earth. watch begin wonder exists was exploded made cooled began multiplied

31. 1.We usually think of science subjects as physics, … think of … as…: 把……看作 treat … as … look on … as… consider … as… regard … as … The student thought of his teacher as his good guide. think highly/ much/ little of speak ill of 说……的坏话 think over, think about, think of

32. 2.But some studies combine two or more of these subjects. Some films combine education with recreation. 有些影片使教育与娱乐融为一体。 你应该努力把工作和娱乐结合起来。 You should try your best to combine work with pleasure. combination: N

33. 3.What do we mean when we say we are studying a subject scientifically? mean doing sth. 意味着 mean to do sth. 打算做 meant to have done本打算做 had meant to do sth. 本打算做 What do you mean by …? 你做/说的……是什么意思？ --- Why haven’t you bought any butter? --- I _____ to , but I forgot about it. (NMET2001) A. liked B. wished C. meant D. expected C means(单、复数同形）方法,手段 meaningful, meaningless

34. 4. Please give an example if you know. 你本应该举个例子让别人明白。 You should have given an example to make yourself understood. for example, 例如 take… for example 以……为例 take … as an example以……为例 follow one’s example模仿某人 set/give a good example to sb. 为某人树立好榜样

35. 5. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. • _________________ （使大家吃惊的是）is that • he didn’t come to the meeting. What surprised everybody What he did 2. ________________（他所做的） added to our difficulty. A • _____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have. • What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That;what • _____ made the school proud was _____ more than 90% • of the students had been admitted to key universities. • A.What;because B. What;that;C. That;what D.That;because B

36. 5. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. not • 单句改错 • It was until midnight that he went back home after • the experiment. • 2. Not until I began to work didn’t I realize how much time I had wasted. • 3. It was not until late afternoon when they began to deal with his major problem. did that

37. 6. The problem wasthat the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not. The problem was that… that引导的表语从句， that只起连接词作用，无意义，但不可省略。 The trouble is that we are short of tools. What I want to say is that you’d better have a rest. The reason why he was absent is that he was ill.

38. 7. …which were in time to produce the water vapor,… in time, 及时，总有一天 at one time, 曾经 at times: from time to time in no time,立即 at the same time, on time, at a time, 每次 take one’s time,从容进行 kill time,打发时间 once upon a time

39. c • I thought her nice and honest ____ I met her. (98Sh) • first time B. for the first time • C. the first time D. by the first time A • _____ I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. • Every time B. Every time that • C. Each time when D. When that the last time, every/each time, the first time, the moment/minute/second 以上为名词性短语充当连词，引导时间状语从句。

40. 8. That made it possible for life to begin to develop. D • The foreign Minister said, “_____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”(2004BJ) • A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is C 2. I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (NMET2004) A. this B. that C. it D. one D 3. Why don’t you bring ___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it? A. this B. that C. what D. it it作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。

41. A 4. Why? I have nothing to confess. ____ you want me to say?(2004SH) A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is that 5. Was it at the school ____ was named after a hero ______ he spent his childhood? A. which ; that B. where; where C. that; where D. which; where A

42. 9. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the sea. • 1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year. (NMET 2000) • carry out B. carrying out • C. carried out D. to carry out C C • 2._____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. (2000SH) • Being founded B. It was founded • C. Founded D. Founding

43. A visit to the moon The theory of relativity Gravity Black holes Isaac Newton Albert Einstein Stephen Hawking

44. Introduction The three scientists who have made the greatest contribution to our understanding of gravity are Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking. The science fiction stories in this unit are based on the scientific facts discovered by them.

45. Word study: Translate the following into English explain sth. to sb. force sb. to do sth. get/be close to cheer up break out in the shade take photos of sb. now that step forward fall to the ground • 向某人解释某事 • 迫使某人做某事 • 靠近；接近 • 感到高兴/振奋 • 爆发 • 在阴凉处 • 给某人拍照 • 既然；由于 • 向前走 • 掉到地上

46. 1. Your friend, Daisy, is working for a publishing company that pays her for every word she writes. cost, pay, spend, take sth. cost sb. money; sb. pay money for sth; sb. spend money/ time on sth sb. spend …in doing sth It takes sb some time to do sth

47. You can ___ the night here if you like. • It ___ a lot to buy a house in this part of London. • The boy’s bad behavior ____ his mother many sleepless nights. • I don’t know how I managed to ____ so much in the pub last night. • Most of these women are very poorly ____ and work in terrible conditions. • According to a recent survey in the US, children ____ up to 25 hours a week watching TV. • It ____ me a long time to find a way out. • Your carelessness will _____ you your life. • We usually get _____ once a month. spend costs cost spend paid spend took cost paid

48. 2. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed. now that: 既然 since ______ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. A. Now that B.After C. Although D. As soon as A

49. Using structures • If, like me, you have looked at the stars, and tried to make sense of what you see, … • make sense of: 理解某事物 • make sense: 有意义，讲得通 • I have read the material several times, but it doesn’t make any sense to me. • Can you make sense of this telegram?

50. 2. But the answers have always seemed well beyond our reach, until now. beyond [above, out of] one's reach 达不到的, 力所不及的; 不能理解 within sb.'s reach 在某人力所能及的范围内, 在某人能到达的范围内