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个体化医疗的现状与未来 四 . 生物标志物研究. 吕林莉 M.D., Ph.D. 东南大学医学院. Outline. 生物标志物的概念 如何评价生物标志物? 生物标志物的研究方法?. 生物标志物的概念. 什么是生物标志物 ( biomarker) ?. “measurable and quantifiable biological parameters” -- a Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) term, 1989
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个体化医疗的现状与未来四. 生物标志物研究 吕林莉 M.D., Ph.D. 东南大学医学院
Outline • 生物标志物的概念 • 如何评价生物标志物? • 生物标志物的研究方法?
什么是生物标志物(biomarker)? • “measurable and quantifiable biological parameters” -- a Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) term, 1989 • “ A characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention.” --Biomarker Definitions Working Group, 2001,NIH
Features of a Useful Biomarker • High sensitivity and specificity • Easy accessible sample • Correlation with histological scoring • Change in advance of clinical signs • Translational from research to clinical use
Biomarker Examples • Cholesterol is one of the most well-known biomarkers of cardiovascular health • Physical measurements: body temperature (fever); blood pressure (stroke risk) • Other biomarkers: • blood sugar level (diabetes) • antigens (hepatitis) • proteins (heart attack) • genetic variations (Huntington’s disease)
生物标志物的临床应用 Ludwig JA et al. Nature reviews 2005,5: 845-856
生物标志物应用现状 • 目前临床很多疾病的诊断依赖病理诊断,但不能作为常规筛查、监测手段 • 众多疾病缺乏早期、特异性生物标志物 • 治疗缺乏个体化方案
Biomarkers for chronic kidney disease Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 1895–1901, 2008.
Are we treating sub-populations? From Kalow, Tyndale & Meyer, Pharmacogenomics, 2001
Novel biomarkers are needed • Early, accurate diagnosis -Individualized therapy and improved treatment outcomes • Better defined populations will allow more specific drugs -Better efficacy -Fewer side effects
“The use of biomarkers will change medical practice from a population-based approach to an individualized approach” • Felix Frueh, Associate Director of Genomics at CDER, FDA
常用评价指标 (一)敏感性 (二)特异性 (三) Youden指数 (四)阳性似然比 (五)阴性似然比 (六)阳性预报值 (七)阴性预报值 (八)ROC曲线
ECG诊断试验的结果 一、敏感性(Sensitivity): TP/(TP+FN)=TPR (true positive rate) TRP=Sen=416/(416+104)=0.8 该指标只与病例组有关,反映了诊断试验检出病例的能力
ECG诊断试验的结果 二、特异性(Specificity) Spe=True negative rate(TNR) = TN(FP+TN)=171/(171+9)=0.95 该指标只与对照组有关,反映了诊断试验排除非病例的能力。
灵敏度与特异度的优缺点 • 优点:灵敏度与特异度不受患病率的影响,其取值范围均在(0, 1)之间,其值越接近于1,说明其诊断准确性越好。 • 缺点:当比较两个诊断试验时,单独使用灵敏度或特异度,可能出现矛盾。 • 解决办法:将两指标结合:Youden指数、阳性似然比、阴性似然比等
ECG诊断试验的结果 三、Youden指数, =Sen+Spe-1=TPR-FPR =0.8-0.05=0.75 Youden指数取值范围在(0,1)之间,其值越接近1,诊断准确性越好。
医生最关心的问题:1. 试验阳性时患病的概率多大?2. 试验阴性时不患病的概率多大?
ROC的涵义与起源 ROC(receiver operating characteristic的缩写,译为“接受者工作特征”) ROC曲线研究历史 1950’s 雷达信号观测能力评价 1960’s中期 实验心理学、心理物理学 1970’s末与1980’s初 诊断医学
百分率(%) 100 80 60 特异度 40 灵敏度 20 0 50 60 70 80 90 100 不同诊断界值时灵敏度与特异度间的平衡(trade off)
Curve 1 = .50 Pure chance…no better than random guess Curve 3 is better than Curve 2 Curve 4 = 1.0 Totally Sensitive completely accurate classification of effectively and less-effectively instructed students Receiver Operating Characteristic curve Area Under Curve (AUC) - Graphed
ROC曲线下面积(Area)与诊断准确度高低 高 0.90-1.00 = excellent (A) 中 0.80-0.90 = good (B) 0.70-0.80 = fair (C) 低 0.60-0.70 = poor (D) 0.50-0.60 = fail (F) 1.0 1.0 T 0.8 T 0.8 P P R R 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.938 0.2 0.2 A 0.830 = 0.664 A = A = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 FPR FPR 0.9 诊断准确度较高 (> ) <0.7 诊断准确度较低( )
ROC曲线小结 • ROC曲线反映了灵敏度与特异度间的平衡 (增加灵敏度将降低特异度;增加特异度将降低灵敏度)。 • 在ROC曲线空间,如果曲线沿着左边线,然后沿着上边线越紧密,则试验准确度越高。 • 在ROC曲线空间,如果曲线沿着机会线(45度对角线)越紧密,则试验准确度越低。 • ROC曲线下面积是重要的试验准确度指标。
The Agendia MammaPrint Test 首个FDA批准的基因组检测试验 -- Feb. 2007
How they got there? • 2002 – Discovery of 70 gene signature (117 patients) • 2002 – Duplication of results (in another sample set:295 patients) • 2006 – Assay performance • 2006 – Optimized array format: reproducibility; back tooriginal sample set • 2006 – External confirmation (307 patients, 5 hospitals) • 2007 – Approval by FDA
生物标志物研究技术 • 传统研究方法: PCR, Western blotting, ELISA, et al • 新型研究方法: 基因组学技术 蛋白质组学技术:2-DIGE/MS, 蛋白质芯片
生物标志物研究面临的挑战 • The multidisciplinary nature of biomarker discovery & development • Complex • Multiple disciplines • Heterogeneous populations • Standards not established • Expensive • Human resources • Multiple technologies