Questioned Documents Voice Analysis Forensic Linguistics

1. CHE 113 1 Questioned DocumentsVoice Analysis (Forensic Linguistics)

2. CHE 113 2 Questioned Documents Physical Evidence : Determine if authentic (non forgery). Determine if a document has be altered. Match sample with suspect.

3. CHE 113 3 Questioned Documents Physical examinations in QD involves scrutiny of surfaces and other items. Paper is the most typical surface examined. Examiners may focus on one or more of the following: Something on the surface, such as handwriting, typewriting, alterations, or obliterations. Something in the surface, such as indented writing, watermarks, or safety fibers. Damage to the surface, such as torn edges, moisture, or charring.

4. CHE 113 4 Questioned Document Examiner * Examinations, reports, and testimony* Technical support of field investigations* Research and evaluation of newly developed technology 

5. CHE 113 5 Important tool for firearms examiner Two compound microscopes combined into one unit When viewer looks through the eyepiece, a field divided into two equal parts isobserved Bullet comparisons- requires reflective light • Hair & Fiber comparisons • Questioned documents Comparison Microscope

6. CHE 113 6 Comparison Microscope

7. CHE 113 7 Questioned Documents Watermarks: translucent design impressed on paper during manufacture - visible when the paper is held to the light. To detect watermarks, evidence is placed over a source of transmitted light. A watermark: used to establish a date that the document cannot precede. For example, if a document is dated 1959, but the watermark was not produced until 1965, the date written on the document is incorrect.

8. CHE 113 8 Questioned Documents Watermarks: A translucent design impressed on paper during manufacture and visible when the paper is held to the light.

9. CHE 113 9 Questioned Documents Examination of indented writing (writing from pressure on underlying pages) using oblique lighting or electrostatic detection apparatus.Indented Writing  Typewriting comparison and reconstruction may establish that a particular typewriter was used to type a particular document, or suggest a particular brand of typewriter was used. Determination of text from used ribbons. Examination of altered documents including the detection of additions, erasures, obliterations, and changes. Determination of fake documents including checks, wills, and bonds.

10. CHE 113 10 Questioned Documents Indented Writing - Photographic techniques to enhance indented writing (top) using side lighting and special film. Bottom shows the apparent bank robbery note that was produced from the indentations in the paper.

11. CHE 113 11 Indented Writing Two methods for determining the presence of indented writing are used. side lighting, in which a light source is passed over the sheet of paper at an oblique angle. electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA), an instrument that renders indented writing visible and provides a record of the writing.

12. CHE 113 12 Hand Writing Analysis Not all handwriting is identifiable to a specific writer or writers. Examination of handwriting characteristics can sometimes result in determining the origin or authenticity of questioned writing. Traits such as age, sex, personality, or intent cannot be determined from handwriting examinations. Handwriting comparisons based on the principle that no two people write exactly alike and that characteristics reoccur throughout every person's writing. A combination of characteristics is unique to every individual and is used by document examiners for comparison.

13. CHE 113 13 Hand Writing Analysis A definite opinion is not always possible when conducting a handwriting comparison. Reasons for an inconclusive result include: The questioned writing is limited. The known writing is limited in amount, comparability, or both. The writing is not naturally prepared.

14. CHE 113 14 Quesioned Documents

15. CHE 113 15 Quesioned Documents

16. CHE 113 16 Questioned Documents Most common methods of trying to disguise the handwriting are using the reverse slant of writing, changing capital letters or using the opposite hand. A good way to tell if a document is disguised is by looking toward the end of a document to see if the style remains the same (very difficult).

17. CHE 113 17 Hand Writing Analysis Mickey Mantle's genuine signature is shown top right. Middle, is an imitation by means of simulatio - copying an actual model or a mental image of a genuine signature. Bottom is a traced signature by following the outline of a genuine signature or overlaying a genuine signature and using transmitted light to follow the line of writing.

18. CHE 113 18 Typewriters Typewriters - (two basic types) image on paper using hard type. The kind of typewriter (and ribbon) used suggests the examinations possible and may limit the conclusions possible as a result of the examinations. A typebar typewriter has the typeface elements are permanently fastened into the machine. Because of permanent typeface components, text can sometimes be associated to the specific machine used by comparing characteristics, such as typeface damage or alignment defects, in the text and machine. The other typewriter has typeface that is affixed to an interchangeable element: a ball, printwheel. The style of type is specific to the individual element, not to the machine. Therefore, although text may be associated with a specific element, it can rarely be associated with a particular machine

19. CHE 113 19 Typewriters The typewriter (L) identified with correspondence from the UNABOM case. Note the unique characteristic of the typed letter "u" (Middle) from the questioned document, which matches the unique characteristic of the "u" typewriter key (R) from the typewriter seized during the investigation.

20. CHE 113 20 Typewriters QDU typewriter examinations may include a paper fiber-transfer comparison. The low-density polyethylene backing on typewriter ribbons is delicate and assumes the imprint of fibers in the paper. The voided areas of typewriter ribbons can be associated (by means of these fiber impressions) with the paper on which the text has been imprinted.

21. CHE 113 21 Hitler Diaries

22. CHE 113 22 Voice Print Sound Spectrograph Graphic display of sound