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SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE): Preliminary Results

SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE): Preliminary Results. Mark R. Schoeberl NASA/GSFC. Main Players. NASA HQ - UARP Platforms ER-2 - P. Newman, J. Anderson DC-8 - B. Toon, M. Schoeberl Balloon - B. Brune Ground based instruments (e.g. IRF) International - Theseo-2000

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SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE): Preliminary Results

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  1. SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE):Preliminary Results Mark R. Schoeberl NASA/GSFC

  2. Main Players • NASA HQ - UARP • Platforms • ER-2 - P. Newman, J. Anderson • DC-8 - B. Toon, M. Schoeberl • Balloon - B. Brune • Ground based instruments (e.g. IRF) • International - Theseo-2000 • Platforms • DLR Falcon - H. Flentje • Swiss Lear Jet - D. Feist • French ARAT - C. David • Esrange balloons

  3. Purpose • Examine NH polar stratospheric ozone loss with new array of tools developed since AASE II (1991). • Test our ability to combine satellite validation and science mission objectives. • Test our ability to coordinate both multiple observing platforms (aircraft, balloon, satellite, ground) and international efforts (e.g. THESEO 2000) to achieve science and validation objectives.

  4. Mission Strategy Early Winter Set up of the polar vortex DC-8 Balloon Mid Winter Coldest temperatures - most PSCs Chlorine activated SOLVE Platforms ER-2 DC-8 Balloon Late Winter Maximum ozone loss rate Shut down of ozone loss system ER-2 DC-8 Balloon

  5. ER-2 Balloon DC-8

  6. SOLVE DC-8 Configuration Microwave Radiometer ClO, HNO3 HCl, N2O, O3 AROTEL Lidar O3, Aerosol, T In situ OH, HO2 ClO, BrO O3 NO,NOy N2O Cly HNO3 CO CO2 CH4 CN H2O Aerosols Particles DIAL O3, Aerosol LASE H2O MTP FTIR Photolyzing Radiation

  7. SOLVE ER-2 Configuration Microwave Temperature Profiler . In situ H2O,OH, HO2 BrO O3 NO, NO2, HNO3 NOy ClO,Cl2O2, Cly CO, CO2 N2O, CH4, SF6 ClONO2, HCl Aerosols & CN (0.01 - 50) UV-Vis Radiation U,V,T,p

  8. Balloon Configuration Remote Payload OMS In Situ Payload CH4, HCl, N2O, F11, F12, F113, H1211, CCl4, O3, SF6, CO,CO2 JPL - FTIR JPL - SLS

  9. 4.0 PV ER-2 Flight DC-8 Flight 1.0 The Arctic Polar Vortex • Vortex was stable and cold - similar to 1996, 1997. Excellent conditions to study ozone loss. 480K 25 km Temperature Contours 195K - NAT PSC 185K - Ice PSC

  10. Mission Results • Significant ozone loss was observed - loss rates approached 2%/day in March. This is equivalent to Antarctic ozone hole loss rates. TOMS March 9, 2000 TOMS March 9, 1999 560 DU 243 DU 180 293 DU

  11. NH March Average Total Ozone BUV BUV TOMS ---> DU

  12. TOMS Climatology 1997 (Record year)

  13. SOLVE Ozone Loss Dec. 2 Vortex Interior ~2.8 ppmv March 13 Vortex Interior ~0.8 ppmv

  14. Basic Chemistry of Polar Ozone Loss • HCl + ClONO2 + PSCs -> Cl +Cl + HNO3 (on PSCs) • Need PSC’s, some sun and available chlorine • Cl + O3 -> ClO + O2 • ClO + ClO -> Cl2O2 • Need lots of ClO • Cl2O2 + sunlight -> 2Cl + O2 • Need some sunlight • HNO3 + sunlight -> NO2+ OH • And NO2+ClO -> ClONO2 • Reform ClONO2 • And Cl+CH4 -> HCl +CH3 • Reform HCl Initiation reaction Polar Ozone Loss Cycle Shut down reactions

  15. AAOE 1987 Antarctic Measurements Sept. 16, 1987 Ozone ppbv ClO ppbv

  16. SOLVE Chlorine -Ozone Relationship O3 ClO Outside vortex Inside vortex O3 ClONO2 Cl2O2

  17. Vertical Structure of ClO 2. 3 0.

  18. PSC Observations • A wide variety of PSC’s were observed. • PSCs in early December were small solids. • PSCs existed at almost all levels up to 25 km in Jan. - some NAT particles were observed to be much larger than expected (~20 microns). • PSCs were observed up through 3/11 - air flowing through a cold pool with PSCs kept active chlorine levels high. • PSCs were observed at low levels (~13-14 km) and at warmer temperatures than predicted by theory.

  19. Temperature History Climatology 1958-1998 195K (NAT) 188K (Ice)

  20. Temperature History

  21. Dec. 5 Jan. 18 DC-8 PSC Observations

  22. Arctic PSC Processes Nitric Acid Trihydrate Nitric Acid Dihydrate Type Ib Slow Cooling Ternary Sulfate Type Ia Background Sulfate Cooling R~10m R~4m T>188 Ice Type II CN Fast Cooling Warming R~0.1m T>195 R~0.5m T>188 R~10m T<188 R~0.3m T>188

  23. Ice (Type II) Ternary Sulfates (Type Ib) NAT (Type Ia)

  24. Denitrification of the Vortex Expected NOy value NOy Measurements Vortex Interior Filament Vortex Exterior ClO Measurements

  25. Volcanic Plume Observations • Frequent DC-8 encounters with the volcanic plume from Hekla (64N, 19W) over two weeks. Hekla Erupts 18:30 GMT Feb. 26, 2000

  26. SO2 from TOMS Hekla plume Initial Hekla plume Hekla SO2 DU

  27. The Feb 27 DC-8 transit flight to Kiruna crossed the Hekla plume. Hekla plume

  28. Decay of the Hekla Plume After the initial encounter with the plume, over 20 subsequent encounters with fragments of plume were made at a variety of locations. 6 days later Initial encounter SO2 Aerosols O3

  29. More SOLVE Results • No evidence of heterogeneous chemical processing by high cold cirrus. • Very little dynamical inward mixing - vortex was very isolated. • All components of chlorine budget were found to be consistent with laboratory measurements. • No evidence of mysterious “January” chemistry suggested by Match results. • Multiple underpasses of satellite measurements and overpasses of ground based systems provided extensive validation (used POAM not SAGE III).

  30. Ozone Loss and PSCs Chlorine released Maximum ozone loss rate (high ClO +sunlight) PSC Processing Zone (cold temperatures) Chlorine locked up as CLONO2 and HCl

  31. Major SOLVE Mission Conclusions • Denitrification of vortex prolongs polar ozone loss. • Prior to SOLVE we believed irreversible and extensive denitrification only occurred in the Antarctic. • SOLVE has shown that significant denitrification (~50%) can occur without ice formation through Type I PSC’s (T<195K). • Our understanding of the formation of PSCs is still incomplete. • Ozone loss can continue longer than expected due to reprocessing by Type I PSC’s - previously we believed that this could only occur through Type II (ice). • Ozone loss rates were observed to be 2%/day; in 1989 the observed rate was 0.5%/day. • Our understanding of the heterogeneous and radical chemistry is in good shape. There is no evidence of “dark” chemistry nor processing on lower stratospheric cirrus.

  32. Acknowledgements • Mike Kurylo NASA/HQ • Phil DeCola NASA/HQ • Paul Newman NASA/GSFC • Ed Browell NASA/LaRC • Chris Hostetler NASA/LaRC • Tom McGee NASA/GSFC • Jim Anderson Harvard U. • Al Viggiano AFCRL • Harry Kuellman U. Bremen • A. Tabazadeh NASA/ARC • Greg Flesch JPL First PSC encounter with DC-8

  33. PV Climatology POAM Occultations Mission Segments

  34. Names, Affiliations, and Page Numbers are required on all NASA Presentations Some names and affiliations: Pope Urban VI - Catholic church, Rome Occupant - my house Et Al - famous Moorish Scientist Xorblat - Hanger 51, NASA Dryden (original affiliation, Altair Exploration Unit) Page numbers: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,14, 47

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