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Welcome. SCENARIO OF DISEASES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES IN INDIA DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BIKANER. Content. Introduction Development of disease in plant Change in global climate How climate change affect plant diseases?

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  1. Welcome

  2. SCENARIO OF DISEASES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES IN INDIA DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BIKANER

  3. Content • Introduction • Development of disease in plant • Change in global climate • How climate change affect plant diseases? • Climate change and its impact on plant diseases • Effects of climate change on host plant • Effects of climate change on pathogens • Effects of climate change on plant disease management • Future challenges in India • Conclusion • Future thrust

  4. Introduction

  5. What is Climate Change? • It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (IPCC, 2007). • Climate change refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly by human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and climate variability observed over comparable time periods. • Climate encompasses the long-run pattern of numerous meteorological factors (e.g. Temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, sunshine etc.) in a given location or larger region. (Gutierrez et al. 2010)

  6. Plant diseases are a significant reduce the production of more than 25 crops that stand between the rapidly expanding world population and starvation. • World-wide losses from diseases range from 9 to 16% in rice, wheat, barley, maize, potato, soybean, cotton and coffee. In USA alone, fungicides worth over US $11.2 billion for control diseases.(Agrios, 2005) • Plant diseases will respond to climate change, through a number of interactions, take place among host, pathogen, potential vectors.

  7. The Great Irish Hunger is one striking example of the impact of plant disease: In 1845 more than a quarter million Irish people starved as the result of an epidemic of potato late blight. • Plant diseases continue to cause serious problems in global food production. Currently more than 800 million people do not have adequate food and at least 14% of global food production is reduced due to plant diseases (Agrios, 2005).

  8. Fungi • Bacteria • Virus • Mycoplasmas • Nematodes • Parasitic Plant Plant Pathogen The very different life histories of this diverse group of organisms and their different interactions with host plants produce a wide range of responses to environmental factors. For example: Fungal pathogens are often strongly dependent on humidity or dew for plant infection. viruses may be present in hosts while symptom expression is dependent on temperature.

  9. Development of Disease in Plant

  10. Essential factors for disease development Favorable Environment Environment Time Susceptible Virulent Host Pathogen Disease

  11. Potential outcome from the changes Interaction among factors that causes the disease intensity Host change Variety Cultural practices Chemical practices Pathogen change Genetic shift Movement Reduced disease intensity Major Epidemics Host Pathogen Changes favorable to disease in one or two factor Environment Climate change Temperature CO2 content Precipitation Cloud cover Development of disease

  12. Climate change affects Disease pyramid Grower Grower Host Host Changing Climate Climate Pathogen Pathogen

  13. Temperature Effects on Crop Yield – Several Major Crops (Rao, 2009) CRIDA, Hyderabad

  14. Change in Global Climate

  15. A portion of the radiation reaching to earth‘s surface which is scattered or reflected by clouds, aerosols, dust and other particles. • Radiation reaching the planet is partly absorbed, causing the Earth to emit thermal radiation and part of the radiation is reflected back to the atmosphere. • Water vapour and radioactively active CO2, CH4, N2O and O3 etc. partly trap the reflected radiation to warm the surface temperature, a natural phenomenon known as the ‘Greenhouse Effect’.

  16. Radiation reflected back to space Reflected radiation which keeps earth livable and warm Sun rays

  17. Radiation reflected back to space Radiation gets trapped because of thickening of Atmospheric layer Green house effect Sun rays Green house effect

  18. Causes of climate change Natural Causes Anthropogenic Causes Continental drift Volcanoes The Earth’s Tilts Ocean Currents Intensity of Solar Radiation 1) Green Houses Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (NO2) Chloro floro carbons (CFCs) Ozone (O3) Water Vapors (H2O) 2) Land Use Change Deforestation Urbanization

  19. Except one all other are MAN-MADE EMISSIONS

  20. 2005 1979

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