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LEARNING

LEARNING. Psychology. Learning is defined: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Psychologists are interested in how we learn and the impact learning has on our behaviour. DEFINITION. O I C.

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LEARNING

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  1. LEARNING Psychology

  2. Learning is defined: • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Psychologists are interested in how we learn and the impact learning has on our behaviour. DEFINITION

  3. O • I • C THREE TYPES OF LEARNING

  4. Theory coined by Albert Bandura. Also known as “__________________________” • _______________________________________________________________________. • For example: studying a professional sports figure in order to learn the techniques of that sport. • Learning through observation and/or imitation can have positive and negative impact on an individual’s behaviour depending on what or whom they choose to imitate. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

  5. According to Bandura, ___________________ _______________________________________all play an important role in the learning process. • For example: we learn through observation, modeling (i.e. Bobo Doll experiment) and through mirror neurons. (clip) • Mirror Neurons are frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing something. They enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

  6. PROCESS: • A__________ -- the individual notices something in the environment. • R__________-- the individual remembers what was noticed. • R__________ -- the individual produces an action that is a copy of what was noticed. • M__________ -- the environment delivers a consequence that changes the probability the behavior will be emitted again • Provide two positive and two negative examples of this process. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

  7. Insight learning occurs when________________ ___________________________________________________________. • Some noteworthy terms that describe insight learning include: experiencing an “epiphany” eureka! “aha” • Insight learning suggests that it is important to have time to absorb and think about new learning. INSIGHT LEARNING

  8. The experience of insight learning often involves three factors: 1. Seemingly all possible problem-solving attempts have been exhausted and are unsuccessful. 2. ____________________________________. 3. A perfect solution to the problem is suddenly realized in a spontaneous way. THE ANATOMY OF INSIGHT LEARNING

  9. WOLFGANG KOHLER

  10. Psychologist who conducted insight learning experiments on animals. • In one experiment, a chimpanzee was given two short sticks with a banana set out of reach. • After unsuccessfully attempting to reach the banana with the short sticks, the hungry chimpanzee gave up. • However, the chimpanzee later accidentally discovered that the sticks could be joined together to form one longer stick. • Just then, a spark of insight revealing a solution manifested, allowing the chimpanzee to successfully reach the banana. WOLFGANG KOHLER

  11. Definition: __________________________________________________________________. • i.e. learning to respond to a particular stimulus in a particular way • Two types: • __________ Conditioning • __________ Conditioning Conditioned Learning

  12. Key figure: Ivan Pavlov • Pavlov’s dog • Sounded bell right before giving the dog food • Initially, the food caused the dogs to salivate • Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell alone Classical Conditioning

  13. An unconditioned stimulus (US) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) to turn an unconditioned response (UR) to a conditioned response (CR) • __________ • __________ • __________ Classical Conditioning

  14. Key figure: BF Skinner • Skinner realized that most behaviour is not the result of the pairing of unrelated stimuli • Skinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar that, when pushed, would drop a food pellet into the cage • The rat randomly pushed the bar and got food • The next time it pushed the bar, it got more food • Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it would get food Operant Conditioning

  15. Using rewards to reinforce behaviours, and punishments to discourage them • Positive reinforcement: an event/condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur • Negative reinforcement: an event/condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur Operant Conditioning

  16. Which do you think is more effective, rewards, or punishment? Why? Operant Conditioning

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