小动物 PBL 课件

1. 小动物PBL课件 动物科技学院动物医学教研部 杨宗泽 2011年9月

2. What is involved in a routine physical exam? • Look in eyes, ears, mouth, nose, and throat. Fecal float, thoracic auscultation, abdominal palpation, urogenital palpation, and lymphatic palpation. Heart rate, respiratory rate, temp, color and consistency of feces, membrane color, capillary refill time, skin tent, body weight, body condition score, and heart worm test (maybe).

3. What is common vaccinology of puppies? • Vaccinology of puppies • 6-8 weeks  parvovirus, distemper virus, adenovirus type 2, parainfluenza • 9-11 weeks  repeat • 12-14 weeks  repeat, with rabies • Leptospirosis included if 9 weeks or older • Committee for vaccine protocol recommends giving distemper, adenovirus-2, and rabies for puppies under 6 months of age with unknown vaccine history

4. What is the epidemiology of Missouri? • Epidemiology of Missouri canines • Couldn’t find information on Missouri specifically, but one source listed distemper, infectious hepatitis, and congenital heart diseases as being prevalent in that area of the US.

5. Zoonotic diseases-especially between humans, cats, dogs, and parakeets • Here are the zoonotic diseases that I found common to dogs, cats, and parakeets:

6. Campylobacteriosis • bacterial disease that causes mild to severe infection of the GI system; watery or bloddy diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting and rare complications with this bacteria can cause CNS damage. It is transmitted throughfeces, contaminated food, water, or milk.

7. Cryptosporidiosis • parasitic disease that causes infection of GI system; watery diarrhea, fever, nausea, and vomiting. It is transmitted by contact with soil, food, water, or surfaces contaminated with infected feces.

8. Giardia • parasitic disease that causes diarrhea. It is transmitted by swallowing the parasite in infected food, water, oranyway you can getit in your mouth!(Not common in cats)

9. Salmonellosis • bacterial disease that causes diarrhea, fever, and stomach pain- (infection can spread to other organs and other symptoms occur). Most commonly transmitted in contaminated food, but can also be passed in feces.

10. What is puppy socialization? • Puppy socialization is the process of introducing a puppy to its environment. Socialization consists of exposing a puppy to various stimuli including, people, places, and other animals. The primary socialization period for dogs starts at three weeks and begins to diminish at twelve weeks. If a puppy is not properly socialized to humans and other animals, it will act fearful and sometimes aggressive.

11. What are common diseases found in puppy mills? • Many diseases are common to puppies that are raised in close proximity of one another. These diseases include:

12. 1.Parvovirus • a.Caused by canine parvovirus 2 (Parvoviridae), a DNA virus. • b.Seen most frequently in juveniles and newborns • c.Shed in feces for 2-3 weeks postinfection and can sometimes be spread in vomit and saliva. • d.Symptoms include: i. Severe diarrhea ii. Vomiting iii. Fever iv. Edema v. Tachycardia vi. Ascites vii. Depression viii. Dehydration ix. Hematochezia

13. 2.Canine Distemper • a. Cause is a Morbilivirus (Paramyxoviridae) • b.Is spread by aerosol droplets and other fomites. Once the disease enters the conjunctiva it is spread through the lymph system and progresses to the central nervous system. Incubation period is 3-7 days. • c.Puppies that are immunodeficent can develop neurologic problems such as encephalomyelitis or peripheral neuropathies. Older dogs develop demylination and and sometimes encephalomyelitis. • d.Symptoms include: i. Coughing ii. Conjunctivitis iii. Convulsions iv. Edema v. Fever vi. Ocular discharge vii. Tachycardia viii. Incoordination ix. Ascites x. Anorexia

14. 3. Canine Coronavirus • a.Caused by an RNA virus (Coronavirus) • b.Most common in newborn and juvenile dogs • c.It is spread by oral ingestion of contaminated feces. It spreads to the small intestine causing diarrhea and malabsorption. • d.Canine parvovirus infection is more severe than coronavirus infection • e.Symptoms include: i. Diarrhea ii. Anorexia iii. Fever iv. Tachycardia v. Vomiting vi. Depression vii. Dehydration

15. 4. Canine Hepatitis • a. Cause is canine adenovirus 1 (Adenoviridae). • b.Most commonly found in juveniles • c.Virus normally enters the oropharynx and progresses to the tonsils, lymph nodes, kidney and liver. Can cause glaucoma and corneal edema • d. Symptoms include: i. Diarrhea ii. Anorexia iii. Edema iv. Fever v. Tachycardia vi. Ascites vii. Vomiting viii. Blindness

16. 5. Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough) • a.Can be caused by Canine parainfluenza type 2 virus, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus 2 or Bordetella bronchiseptica. • b. Transmitted primarily through direct contact with infected animals or the secretions of infected animals. Incubation is 6 days. • c. The disease seems to linger because the organism adhere very well to the cilia cells in the respiratory tract and also the inability of systemic antibiotics to reach high enough concentrations in the lungs to clear the infection. • d.Common symptoms include: i.Cough ii.Conjunctivitis iii. Nasal discharge iv.Ocular discharge v.Fever and anorexia vi.Tachycardia

17. Can puppies get heartworm disease? • Yes, with lower larvae stages, but can be treated with preventative as long as they are under 6 months of age because adult worm takes longer to develop.

18. What are causes of coughing in a puppy?

19. Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases • Nasopharyngeal—rhinitis; sinusitis; nasopharyngeal foreign body or tumor; tonsillitis; tonsillar tumor • Laryngeal—inflammation; foreign body; injuries; tumors • Tracheal—inflammation (inhalation of irritating substances and heat); infections (viral and bacterial); foreign body; tracheal collapse; tumor

20. Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases • Bronchial—inflammation; infection (viral, bacterial, and parasitic); allergy; foreign body; tumor • Pulmonary—inflammation; infection (viral, bacterial, and fungal); aspiration pneumonia; pulmonary edema; tumor • Pulmonary/vascular—heartworm disease; thrombosis or embolism; CHF; pulmonary hypertension; tumor • Other Diseases • Esophageal—inflammation; foreign body; tumor • Pleural—inflammation; infection (bacterial and fungal); hernia; tumor

21. What causes distended abdomen? • In a puppy, there are many things that cause a distended abdomen, such as cardiovascular problems, sinple bloat, parasites in the GI tract.

22. What is available for flea prevention in puppies? • The most common products include: Frontline, Advantage, K9 Advantix, and Revolution. These products come in a liquid droplet form that can be applied between the shoulder blades. Capstar is a pill that can be used more for infestation than preventative.

23. At what age can puppies be given flea prevention products? • Frontline-8 weeks • Advantage-7 weeks • Advantix-7 weeks • Revolution-6 weeks

24. What are the daily energy requirements for a 4 month old puppy? • A puppy weighing 3 kg should be consuming around 450 kcal per day. They should stay on growth food at least until about 6 months of age and should be eating between 50-80% of their estimated adult body weight at 4 months.

25. What types of food are available? • A variety of canned and dry growth foods are available through Iams, Hills, Purina, ect.

26. What main ingredients should be in a healthy growth diet? • A healthy growth diet should contain: • About %50 digestable carbs for energy • About %30 protein for building strong bones and muscle • About %10 fat • Crude fiber, high carnitine for fat metabolism, super antioxidant formula, vitamins and minerals, calcium, and daily dental protection

27. What is a healthy weight for a 4 month old miniature poodle? • An average 4 month old miniature poodle should weigh between 6-7 kg. An average adult weighs 12-14 kg.

28. What is a DA2LPP with corona vaccine? • Distemper, Adenovirus 2 (Hepatitis), Lepto, Parainfluenza, and Parvovirus. Coronavirus separate

29. What are the symptoms and diagnostics of Hepatitis SIGNS • Depend on immunologic status of host and degree of initial cytotoxic injury

30. Peracute—fever; CNS signs; vascular collapse; DIC; death within hours • Acute—fever; anorexia; lethargy; vomiting; diarrhea; hepatomegaly; abdominal pain; abdominal effusion; vasculitis (petechia, bruising); DIC; lymphadenopathy; rarely, nonsuppurative encephalitis

31. Uncomplicated—lethargy; anorexia; transient fever; tonsillitis; vomiting; diarrhea; lymphadenopathy; hepatomegaly; abdominal pain • Late—20% of cases develop anterior uveitis and corneal edema 4–6 days postinfection; recover within 21 days; may progress to glaucoma and corneal ulceration

32. CBC/BIOCHEMISTRY/URINALYSIS • CBC—schistocytes; leukopenia during acute viremia, followed by leukocytosis with reactive lymphocytosis and nucleated RBCs • Biochemistry—liver enzyme activity high initially, begins declining within 14 days; low glucose and albumin reflect fulminant hepatic failure, vasculitis, and endotoxemia; low sodium and potassium levels reflect GI losses; hyperbilirubinemia • Urinalysis—proteinuria reflects glomerular injury; granular casts reflect renal tubule damage; bilirubinuria

33. OTHER LABORATORY TESTS • Coagulation tests—reflect severity of liver injury and DIC • Serology for antibodies to CAV-1—fourfold rise in IgM and IgG; vaccine-induced antibodies confuse interpretation • Viral isolation—anterior segment of eye, kidney, tonsil, and urine; difficult in parenchymal organs (especially liver) unless first week of infection

34. IMAGING • Abdominal radiography—normal or large liver; poor detail due to effusion • Abdominal ultrasonography—may observe hepatomegaly, hypoechoic parenchyma （实质）(multifocal or diffuse pattern), and effusion

35. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES • Liver biopsy

36. What does typhlitis mean? • Inflamed bowel

37. How do you diagnosis Bordetella? • You must culture a sample from the trachea in order to diagnose. Sample may be obtained by endoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, transtracheal wash, and guarded swabs introduced directly through the mouth or through an endotracheal tube.

38. How do you treat kennel cough? ? • It is a self limiting bacteria and so it is usually not treated. Several factors must be considered before selecting an antibiotic. They include the antimicrobial sensitivity of the Bordetella that was cultured from the swab, how well the drug penetrates（穿透） into secretions, and the penetration of the drug into host cells. • Usually cough suppressants（镇咳） are given

39. Would a CBC or chem panel be altered by Bordetella? • Any infection will cause a rise in Neutrophil counts and this can also cause a rise in monocyte counts.

40. How do you rule out Salmonella? • Most direct way to ID salmonella is to culture the feces, or contaminated substance. A stained fecal smear can be used to ID leukocytes in the feces which points to salmonella, but does not directly ID it.

41. What causes dark, waxy otic discharge? • Ear discharge is usually from one of three sources: earmites, bacterial infection or a yeast(fungal) infection

42. What would cause excess wax in the ears? • Same as above

43. What causes a bounding femoral pulse? • “Bounding” femoral pulse simply means “strong” or “water-hammer” (descriptive terms), however this is most commonly seen with PDA （动脉导管未闭）and the degree of bounding of the pulse can be used to estimate the severity of shunting of PDA

44. How to characterize murmurs: • Murmurs are sounds of longer duration than the normal heart sounds. Heart murmurs arise from turbulent blood flow (vibrations) created when the normal, quiet, laminar flow is disrupted. This is caused by blood flowing between cardiac chambers or through stenotic or insufficient valves, or by alterations in blood viscosity or vessel diameter.

45. There are six features that characterize cardiac murmurs: Timing, Location, Intensity (Loudness), Shape, Pitch（音高） or Frequency, and Radiation.

46. 1. Timing • Murmurs can be divided based upon their timing during the cardiac cycle into: systolic, diastolic, or continuous types. Systolic murmurs begin with or after the first heart sound and end with or before the second heart sound. Diastolic murmurs begin with or after the first component of the second heart sound and end prior to the first heart sound. The duration of the murmur within the cardiac cycle may be further modified by terms such as: holo- and pansystolic; proto(early), meso-(mid) or tele(late) systolic; proto-, meso-, and holodiastolic and presystolic.

47. 2. Location • The location of the murmur relates to the cardiac valve area where it is heard loudest( point of maximal intensity). Location helps identify the specific valvular lesion.

48. 3. Intensity(Loudness) • The intensity of a murmur is described using the six grades of Freeman and Levine. A grade 1/6 murmur is the faintest murmur that can be detected and is heard only with particular effort. A grade 2/6 murmur is a faint murmur clearly heard after a few seconds’ auscultation by an experienced examiner. A grade 3/6 murmur is moderately loud and easily heard. A grade 4/6 murmur is a loud murmur that doesn’t produce a palpable vibration. A grade 5/6 is a very loud murmur that produces a palpable vibration but is inaudible when the stethoscope is removed from the chest wall. A grade 6/6 murmur is a very loud murmur that produces a palpable vibration still audible after the stethoscope is removed from the chest.

49. 4. Shape • Murmurs are described in terms of their profile during the cardiac cycle. This corresponds to their shape on a phonocardiogram. Terms that are commonly used include: “plateau” or “band-shaped” for those murmurs of nearly equal intensity throughout their duration, “decrescendo” for those murmurs that gradually taper off from an initial peak, and “diamond-shaped” or “crescendo-decrescendo” for those murmurs that build to a peak and then gradually diminish.

50. 5. Pitch or Frequency • Murmurs may also be described as: high-, medium-, or low- pitched or of mixed frequency. High-pitched murmurs are heard best with the stethoscope diaphragm, but the low-frequency murmurs are heard best with the bell. Some terms that describe the pitch are: harsh, blowing, or musical.