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Study Focus for Exam One. Purchase 3 scantron 886 formsParts of experimentResearch designs, control, typesEthical principles, the IRB, consent, debriefingLibrary researchPurpose of this course. . Know:participant reactivityreplicationdemand characteristicslibrary resourcesvalidityd
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1. Chapter Two: Research Ideas and Hypotheses Research Ideas
Developing a Research Question
Surveying the Literature
Formulating the Research Hypothesis
Characteristics of a Research Hypothesis
2. Study Focus for Exam One Purchase 3 scantron 886 forms
Parts of experiment
Research designs, control, types
Ethical principles, the IRB, consent, debriefing
Library research
Purpose of this course
3. Know:
participant reactivity replication
demand characteristics library resources
validity debriefing session
reliability descriptive studies
population types of studies
sample interobserver reliability
single-blind study correlation
double-blind study extraneous variable
dependent variable scholarly data base
independent variable
Operational definitions
4. Characteristics of good research hypotheses
Benefits of studying research methodology
Ethical issues
Know the abbreviations: APA, IRB, MFT, LCSW
Some experiments will be described and you will identify the various elements using scientific terminology such as: control variable, extraneous variable, independent, dependent, control group, experimental group.
5. Good Research Ideas The closer our project comes to approximating reality, the greater the likelihood of successfully unlocking some of the secrets of nature. Smith/Davis
6. Why examine past research? Learn what is already known
Learn about various variables that have been evaluated
Learn what theories have been proposed
Discover a question you want to investigate
Decide on replication, replication with extension, or original research
7. Developing a research question Survey the research literature
Read the actual article, not just the abstract
What do you really want to know?
Is your interest relevant to the improvement of the quality of life for human beings? I.e. what are the implications of the research findings if the hypothesis is or is not confirmed?
8. Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis Principle of falsifiability: denial of the hypothesis means your hypothesis is justifiably rejected
Measurable
Includes clear statements of the independent and dependent variables
Includes a clear statement of the relationship between the IV and DV
9. Directional versus Non-directional research hypotheses Directional hypothesis: prediction of the specific outcome of an experiment
It was expected that students who studied three hours outside class for every hour in class would out-perform students who studied two or less hours outside class for every hour in class.
10. Non-directional hypothesis A specific prediction concerning the outcome of an experiment is not made
Scores on the Need for Achievement Scale (N-Ach) for participants who exercised 30 minutes per day for two weeks on stair climbers were expected to be different from scores on the N-Ach scale for participants who did not exercise.
11. Null Hypothesis Prediction of no difference
It was expected that no difference in scores on the Need for Achievement Scale would occur between participants who did or did not exercise 30 minutes per day for two weeks on stair climbers.
12. Chapter 3: Ethics APA Principles for Ethical Research
Institutional Review Board
Researchers Ethical Obligations After Completion of Research
13. APA Ethical Principles Institutional Approval The IRB
Informed Consent - Must be signed, complete description of procedures, risks, benefits, contribution
Deception not allowed at our level
Debriefing explain the nature and purpose of the study to participants
14. Ethics Post Research This is paramount to your academic and professional success!
No plagiarism, ever, period.
Never fabricate your data, ever.
Never lie with statistics.
Always cite references carefully. Consult the manual. Be thorough.
15. Why would you be ethical? Personal integrity
Peer respect
Professors respect
Create opportunities
Avoid serious consequences
16. Chapter Four: Descriptive, Qualitative and Correlational Methods Descriptive Methods no independent variable is manipulated
Case study observation of a single person
Naturalistic observation observing behavior without interfering
Participant observation observing while being a part of the interactions in a particular group
Ethnography participant ob. of entire culture
Clinical perspective focus on correcting a behavioral problem
17. Validity The extent to which you are truly measuring what you intend to measure in a study
Ex. I.Q. studies
Ex. Uncontrolled variables mask the true relationship between variables
18. Reliability The extent to which the results of an experiment can be repeated, verifying the validity of the study
19. Challenges to validity and reliability Reactivity participants behave differently when aware of being observed, also known as the Hawthorne effect.
Situation sampling observing the same behavior in different situations
Interobserver reliability the extent to which different observers agree
20. Qualitative Research Research conducted in a natural setting that seeks to understand a complex behavior by developing a complete narrative description or that behavior.
Ex. Sex workers in London
21. Qualitative Research Examples
Peoples psychological reactions to the hurricane
Interviews with participants after a drug and alcohol treatment program
Studies of survivors of Columbine or 911
22. Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Aimed at building theories through interviews and observations of the real world.
Called grounded theory because theories developed are grounded in reality
Like detective work, develop an explanation of behavior through clues
Coding is the primary technique
23. Grounded Theory: Coding Open coding examination, comparison, conceptualization, categorization of data
Axial coding rearranging open coded data in new categories to discover new relationships between variables to create new concepts
Selective coding focus on core category of data and rearranging other categories around this focus
This coding leads to understanding of the process (sequence) and transactional systems
24. Transactional Systems An analysis of how actions and interactions relate to their conditions and consequences.
25. Correlational Research Determination of the relationship between two variables
Positive correlation as scores of one variable increase, scores on a second variable also increase ex. Study hours and grades
Negative correlation scores on one v. go up while the other v. go down ex. Self-esteem goes up, fear of public speaking goes down
Zero correlation no relationship between the variables
26. Quality work is never an accident.
27. Chapter Four: Nonexperimental Methods II Ex-post facto studies
Surveys and Questionnaires
Sampling
Basic Research Strategies
28. Ex post facto study The variable(s) to be studied are selected after they have occurred.
after the fact means we study variables that have already expressed their effect.
Hypothesis: Employees experience more stress in non-profit than in for profit organizations. Why is this ex post facto?
Because she did not manipulate gender or where they worked
29. Surveys and Questionnaires Descriptive Survey: seeks to determine the percentage of the population that has a certain characteristic, holds a certain opinion or does a behavior
Pilot testing: REALLY important
Demographic data: biographic items
30. Sampling Techniques Population: the complete set of individuals or events you wish to describe or make inferences about
Sample: a portion of the population
Random sample: every member of the population has an EQUAL CHANCE of being chosen for the sample
31. Random Sampling Without replacement: once chosen the participant or event cannot be sent back to the population for possible inclusion in the next sample
With replacement: can be re-selected
Stratified random sampling: drawing a sample from a sub-population, text example: college freshmen, seniors, sample from each strata
32. Basic Research Strategies Single-strata: data comes from one strata, i.e. freshmen only
Cross-sectional: comparison of two or more groups at the same time, i.e. 5,6,7 and 8 year olds
Longitudinal: data from the same group over time, i.e. start at 5 end at 8
Cohort: a group born at the same time
33. Your survey research Controversial topic
Neutral target question
9 other questions, balanced pro, con, neutral framing, show me with C, N, and P next to each question
Mutually exclusive, exhaustive, forced choice, randomly placed
5 demographic items related to topic
34. Your survey continued
Obtain at least 20 people: call them participants, respondents, or another descriptive term such as students
Intro to survey and instructions are all in written form
Purpose
Sponsorship
Time involved
Confidentiality
35. Defining your topic Provide respondents with a definition of the topic you are studying
Abortion: the termination of pregnancy at the ___trimester of gestation
Gun control: restrictions on the ownership of hand guns and other guns
Stem cell research: the use of fetal cells from abortions to cure diseases
36. Obtaining Respondents Maximize your time
Multiply the time per person by the number of participants you intent to include
Obtain data from groups at once in classes for example
Instructions are all in written form for uniformity and prevention of bias
37. Pilot test your survey! In class feedback
Bias? Attitude first and not demographic?
Clarity and placement of target? Biographic last, not attitude?
Demographics sensible?
Instructions clear?
Ethical?
Mutually exclusive and exhaustive options?
Obtain at least 5 others feedback
38. Hypotheses It was expected that respondents who were female would be more supportive of _________than males.
It was expected that participants who were parents would be expected to be more supportive of ____than respondents who were not parents.
Include 5 hypotheses
39. Rationale
For each hypothesis state why you expect this result
Based on prior research
Based on something else?
Note: be prepared to elaborate or offer a different explanation in discussion
40. Abstract Intro to study
Hypotheses
Results
Implications
120 words maximum
No indentation
41. Introduction Obtain 3 quality references
Try to justify your hypotheses with prior research
Start with the broad controversy
Narrow to your specific investigation
42. Abstract Statement of Hypotheses It was expected that males, those who were parents, respondents whose income was less than $30,000, Hispanics and those who had attended schools with uniforms would be more likely to favor school uniforms than females, non-parents, those with incomes over $30,000, non-Hispanics and respondents who did not wear school uniforms.
43. Results Data was analyzed in percentages and a 20% difference in the data was considered significant.
Separate surveys by demographics one at a time. Obtain the % for it from each category and conclude acceptance or rejection of hypotheses.
44. Results Report
The hypothesis
The data
Accept, confirm, support or reject, deny, not support each hypothesis
Other interesting data
45. Discussion Discuss each hypothesis in a separate paragraph
Repeat the result without data
What does each result mean? Why did it turn out this way?
Suggest modifications in the study
Suggest further research
46. Consent, Debriefing, Author note Include all three
Author note: includes contact information for readers to discuss your study with you or obtain a copy of it
47. Tips for Success Get relevant sources
Pilot test for sure!
Spend time learning what your results mean
Submit your paper to Joe or Heather via e-mail or at the study session on Wednesdays at 3:30.
Use the Writing Center in FH 224
Do not say almost significant
48. Tips continued
Accept your results
Prepare in advance to explain why you obtained these results when they do or do not confirm your hypotheses
Prepare in advance to explain the implications of your study: why does knowing this matter? To whom?
49. Your experiment Be planning your experiment
At least two groups
One I.V. that is manipulated!!!!!
What groups do you have access to? Your parents, friends groups? Work?
What are your interests, hobbies, curiosities?
50. Being Efficient Participant considerations
Availability
Finances
Time
Special permissions take time
Get the proposal to me as soon as you can
Start the paper right away