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Atypical Organisms and Their Characteristics in Infectious Diseases

This informative guide explores the characteristics, diseases, transmission methods, and prevention of atypical organisms such as mycoplasmas, rickettsias, and spirochetes. It covers key examples, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and preventive measures associated with these unique pathogens.

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Atypical Organisms and Their Characteristics in Infectious Diseases

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  1. Atypical Organisms

  2. Mycoplasmas Characteristics Lack cell walls Pleomorphic (fried egg) NM FA-Obligate anaerobes Examples M. genitalium M. pneumoniae M. hominis Diseases Pneumonia Urogenital infections

  3. Rickettsias • GN (very little PG) • Intracellular parasites • Aerobic • Slow reproduction • Cell lysis for release • Arthropod vectors • Species • R. rickettsii • R. typhi • R. prowazekii

  4. RMSF • R. rickettsii • Dermacentor tick • STD for ticks • Salivary gland  host blood • Humans, rodents • Damage endothelium • CS • F/N/V/myalgia • Spotted rash, pettechiae • Gangrene, paralysis • Encephalitis, death • Dx : IFA, agglutination • Tx: AB, remove tick

  5. Epidemic Typhus • R. prowazekii • Pediculis louse • Human host • CC/CS • Fever, depression • Rash • Dx: IFA • Tx: AB • Pv: hygeine, sanitation

  6. Murine (Endemic) Typhus • R. typhi • Flea (rat, cat) • Rodent (murine) reservoir • Human exposure to fleas • CC/CS • Fever, headache, myalgia • Rash on trunk and chest • Dx: IFA • Tx: AB • Pv: Flea control

  7. Scrub Typhus • Orientia tsutsugamushi • Red Mites (chiggers) • Rodents and Humans • Pacific • Asia, Japan • Australia • CS • Fever, headache • Myalgia, lymphadenopathy • Rash on trunk • Tx: Ab • Pv: mite control, repellent

  8. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma • Emerging disease (1987) • Intracellular parasite in WBC • Hard Ticks • Lone Star (Ambylomma) • Deer (Ixodes) • Dog (Dermacentor) • Species • E. chaffeensis • E. equi (Anaplasma) • CC/CS: • Fever, rash, leukopenia • Dx: IFA • Tx: AB • Pv: Tick control

  9. Chlaymdia • Intracellular parasite • No cell wall • 2 forms during development • Elementary bodies (EB) • Dormant, infective • Reticulate bodies • Intracellular inclusions • Species • C. trachomatis • C. pneumoniae • C. psittaci

  10. Chlamydia trachomatis • Reportable STI • Human cells with EB receptors • Respiratory • Female repro • Lower GI (rectum) • CS • Ocular lesions (trachoma)  scar cornea  blindness or • Lymphogranuloma  • Buboes  • Genital sores  • Urethritis, vagninitis, proctitis • Dx: Giemsa stain, culture • Tx: AB • PV: safe sex

  11. Chlamydia pneumoniae • Community acquired • Droplet transmission • CS • Sinusitis • Bronchitis • Chronic cough • Pneumonia • +/- atherosclerosis • Dx: FA • Tx: AB

  12. Chlamydia psittaci • Zoonotic • Parrot fever • Aerosolized EB in feces • CS • Flu like symptoms • Pneumonia • Dx: serology • Tx: AB • Pv: husbandry • Quarantine

  13. Spirochetes • GN, helical/coiled • Endoflagella • Corkscrew shape • Genera • Treponema • Borrelia • Leptospira

  14. Treponema • Human pathogen • Obligate intracellular parasite • T. pallidum pallidum • Fastidious • CH2O use • Host: FA, Protein, enzymes • Double membrane • 2 flagella • Lack of surface proteins • STI (STD) • Tx : AB [penicillins] • Syphilis

  15. Syphilis • CS/Stages • 1 : Primary • Active • Blister • 2 : Disseminated • Latent • Rash • 3 : Tertiary • CV (aneurysms) • NS (meninges) • Skin/Bone (Gummas) • 4: Congenital • Fetus (stillborn) 1 2 3

  16. Treponema pallidum … • T. p endemicum • “Bejel” • MM • gummas • T. p pertenue • “Yaws” • Skin: granular, draining tracts • T. carateum • “Pinta” • Skin papules  flat  Hyper & depigmentation

  17. Borrelia • Spirochete • Endoflagella • Extracellular parasite • Species and Strains • B. burgdorferi • B. andersoniii • B. japonica • B. valaisiana • B. lonestari • B. turcica • B. recurrentis • Genetics • Linear chromosome • Plasmids • Zoonotic • Arthropods • Ticks • Fleas • Lice • Dx: IF, serology, organism in blood

  18. B. burgdorferi • GN spirochete • Deer mice host, deer • Hard tick (Ixodes) spread (3x) • Lyme’s disease • CS • Bull’s eye rash • Myalgia • Neuropathy • Arthralgia  Chronic Arthritis • MO  IL-1, IL-6  TH 17 cells • Dx: serology • Tx: AB • Pv: tick control, repellent

  19. Relapsing Fever • Borrelia recurrentis • Arthropod vector • Lice (human) • Soft Tick • Rodent reservoir • Humans • CS: fever, malaise • Dx: Blood smear • Tx: AB • Pv: vector control

  20. Leptospira • Spirochete • Zoonotic • Species • L. interrogans (humans) • L. …….. • Transmission • Contam Urine  water • Primary Hosts • Rats • Mice • Moles • Secondary Hosts • Dogs • Deer • Rabbits • Raccoons • Skunks • Opossums

  21. Leptospirosis • CS • N/V/F/headache • Pneumonia • Migrates through tissues • Renal • Meningitis • Liver failure (Weil’s Ds) • Respiratory distress • Dx: • Giemsa stain • titers • Tx: • AB • fluids • Pv: vaccinate animals NA Epidemic ~1620 (Pilgrims) Out breaks: Civil War, WWI, WWII

  22. Questions?

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