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Applications of Aqueous Equilibria

Applications of Aqueous Equilibria. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration. Endpoint is at pH 7. A solution that is 0.10 M HCl is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration. A solution that is 0.10 M NaOH is titrated with 0.10 M HCl. Endpoint is at pH 7.

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Applications of Aqueous Equilibria

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  1. Applications of Aqueous Equilibria

  2. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Endpoint is at pH 7 A solution that is 0.10 M HCl is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH

  3. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration A solution that is 0.10 M NaOH is titrated with 0.10 M HCl Endpoint is at pH 7 It is important to recognize that titration curves are not always increasing from left to right.

  4. Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration A solution that is 0.10 M CH3COOH is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH Endpoint is above pH 7

  5. Strong Acid/Weak Base Titration A solution that is 0.10 M HCl is titrated with 0.10 M NH3 Endpoint is below pH 7

  6. Reaction of Weak Bases with Water The base reacts with water, producing its conjugate acid and hydroxide ion: CH3NH2 + H2O  CH3NH3+ + OH- Kb = 4.38 x 10-4

  7. Kb for Some Common Weak Bases Many students struggle with identifying weak bases and their conjugate acids.What patterns do you see that may help you?

  8. Reaction of Weak Bases with Water The generic reaction for a base reacting with water, producing its conjugate acid and hydroxide ion: B + H2O  BH+ + OH- (Yes, all weak bases do this – DO NOT make this complicated!)

  9. What is [H+] of a 0.5 M HF solution? (Ka=7.2x10-4) HF -> H+ + F- I C E

  10. Acid Base Properties of Salts • Sometimes a salt such as NaF can have acid base properties.

  11. Common Ion Effect • What if you have two solutions mixed together and they are both found in the Kb expression? (Common Ion Effect)

  12. What is [H+] of a 0.5 M HF solution mixed with a 0.5 M solution of NaF? (Ka=7.2x10-4) HF -> H+ + F- I C E

  13. Buffered Solutions • A solution that resists a change in pH when either hydroxide ionsorprotons are added. • Buffered solutions contain either: • A weak acid and its salt • A weak base and its salt

  14. Acid/Salt Buffering Pairs The salt will contain the anion of the acid, and the cation of a strong base (NaOH, KOH)

  15. Base/Salt Buffering Pairs The salt will contain the cation of the base, and the anion of a strong acid (HCl, HNO3)

  16. Titration of an Unbuffered Solution A solution that is 0.10 M CH3COOH and 0.10 M NaCH3COO is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH A solution that is 0.10 M CH3COOH is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH

  17. Titration of a Buffered Solution A solution that is 0.10 M CH3COOH and 0.10 M NaCH3COO is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH Buffered Unbuffered

  18. Comparing Results Unbuffered Buffered • In what ways are the graphs different? • In what ways are the graphs similar?

  19. Comparing Results Buffered Unbuffered

  20. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

  21. Adding HCl to a buffer solution • Suppose that 0.250 liters of a buffer solution that contains 0.225 M acetic acid and 0.225 M sodium acetate. What would be the pH change if 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl is added to this buffer? Assume volumes are additive. Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 x 10 -5. 4.74 to 4.70

  22. Selection of Indicators

  23. Some Acid-Base Indicators

  24. pH Indicators and theirranges

  25. Ksp Values for Some Salts at25C

  26. Solving Solubility Problems For the salt AgI at 25C, Ksp = 1.5 x 10-16 What is the solubility of AgI? AgI(s)  Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) O O +x +x x x 1.5 x 10-16 = x2 x = solubility of AgI in mol/L = 1.2 x 10-8 M

  27. Solving Solubility Problems For the salt PbCl2 at 25C, Ksp = 1.6 x 10-5 PbCl2(s)  Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) O O +2x +x 2x x 1.6 x 10-5 = (x)(2x)2 = 4x3 x = solubility of PbCl2 in mol/L = 1.6 x 10-2 M

  28. Solving Solubility with a Common Ion For the salt AgI at 25C, Ksp = 1.5 x 10-16 What is its solubility in 0.050 M NaI? AgI(s)  Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) 0.050 O +x +x 0.050+x x 1.5 x 10-16 = (x)(0.050+x)  (x)(0.050) x = solubility of AgI in mol/L = 3.0 x 10-15 M

  29. Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis

  30. Complex Ions A Complex ion is a charged species composed of: 1. A metallic cation 2. Ligands – Lewis bases that have a lone electron pair that can form a covalent bond with an empty orbital belonging to the metallic cation

  31. NH3, CN-, and H2O are Common Ligands

  32. Coordination Number • Coordination number refers to the number of ligands attached to the cation • 2, 4, and 6 are the most common coordination numbers

  33. Complex Ions and Solubility AgCl(s)  Ag+ + Cl- Ksp = 1.6 x 10-10 Ag+ + NH3 Ag(NH3)+ K1 = 1.6 x 10-10 Ag(NH3)+ NH3 Ag(NH3)2+ K2 = 1.6 x 10-10 K = KspK1K2 AgCl + 2NH3 Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl-

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