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Lecture 17. Microfluidics: Applications to Biological and Proteomic Analyses. Microfluidics.
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Lecture 17 Microfluidics: Applications to Biological and Proteomic Analyses
Microfluidics Microfluidics is any kind of experimental and theoretical research of liquid streams (in small amounts) generated in chips comprising microsized channels, including fabrication, handling and practical use of these chips. In a broader sense, streams of gases or fluidized solids/particles in microchips are also included in the definition of microfluidics. For channels with dimensions in the sub-micrometre range, the word ‘nanofluidics’ is used.
The field of microfluidics has four parents: - molecular analysis: GPC, HPLC and CE - biodefense: DARPA - molecular biology genomics; hi-thruput DNA sequencing - microelectronicsmicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
µTAS (micro total analysis system) An integrated system that performs all steps in an analysis — that is, sampling, sample pre-treatment, sample transport, chemical reactions, analyte separation, product isolation and detection in a microfluidic chip. First defined in 1990, μTAS emphasizes the analytical function of a microfluidic chip.
Lab-on-a-chip Lab-on-a-chip is a term widely used for any kind of research with the goal of miniaturizing chemical and biological processes. It is not a well-defined scientific term. Lab-on-a-chip technologies include microfluidic chips as well as non-fluidic miniaturized systems such as sensors and arrays (the so-called biochips).
Miniaturization The fact that existing molecular assays, such as chemical binding, chromatographic extractions and electrophoretic separations, can be performed in different volumes without a difference in chemical quality (identical information content) has led to a variety of technologies of fabrications that enable reactions to be scaled-down or ‘miniaturized’. Miniaturization is most commonly aimed at particles (beads, packed columns and vesicles), capillaries, gels and fluidic chips.
Flow Characteristics Convective vs. laminar flow
Weibel & Whitesides. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2006, 10:584–591
A microfluidic system must have a series of generic components: a method of introducing reagents and samples (probably as fluids, although ideally with the option to use powders); methods for moving these fluids around on the chip, and for combining and mixing them; and various other devices (such as detectors for most microanalytical work, and components for purification of products for systems used in synthesis).
Microfabrication Microfabrication describes ‘cleanroom’ fabrication processes for engineering solid flat substrates. It includes photolithography, direct-write laser (e-beam, X-ray) lithography, wet etching, reactive ion etching, film deposition (plasma, chemical vapor, sputtering) and bonding (eutectic, anodic, thermal, adhesion). It is mostly used for micro-electronic circuit fabrication and ‘lab-on-a-chip’.
Photolithography A fabrication technique to generate small features in micrometer dimensions on microchip substrates such as silicon, glass or polymers.
Weibel & Whitesides. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2006, 10:584–591
Protein crystallizationSeparations coupled to mass spectrometryHigh-throughput screening in drug developmentBioanalysesExamination and manipulation of samples consisting of a single cell or a single molecule Synthesis of 18F-labelled organic compounds for positron emission tomography (PET).
Weibel & Whitesides. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2006, 10:584–591
Dittrich and Manz. NATURE REVIEWS | DRUG DISCOVERY VOLUME 5 | 2006
Dittrich & Manz. NATURE REVIEWS | DRUG DISCOVERY VOLUME 5 | 2006
