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BIOGEOGRAPHY

BIOGEOGRAPHY. attempts to explain why species and higher taxa are distributed as they are, and why the diversity and taxonomic composition of the biota vary from one region to another. INTEGRATION OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES. Geology. INTEGRATION OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES. Geology. Triassic.

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BIOGEOGRAPHY

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  1. BIOGEOGRAPHY attempts to explain why species and higher taxa are distributed as they are, and why the diversity and taxonomic composition of the biota vary from one region to another.

  2. INTEGRATION OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES Geology

  3. INTEGRATION OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES Geology Triassic Cretaceous Oligocene Paleocene

  4. INTEGRATION OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES Geology Paleontology

  5. INTEGRATION OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES Geology Paleontology Phylogenetics

  6. INTEGRATION OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES Geology Paleontology Phylogenetics Gila Monster (Heloderma) Lanthanotus thought to be related to Gila monsters (weird distribution). It is really related to Monitor lizards (makes sense for biogeography). Monitor Lizard (Varanidae)

  7. INTEGRATION OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES Geology Paleontology Phylogenetics Ecology

  8. AN EXAMPLE OF BIOGEOGRAPHIC AREAS Philip Sclater (1829-1913) Wallace’s Line

  9. BIOREGIONS AT VARIOUS SPATIAL SCALES

  10. AN EXAMPLE OF BIOGEOGRAPHIC AREAS Wallace’s Line

  11. CHARLES R. DARWIN “Neither the similarity or dissimilarity of the inhabitants of various regions can be wholly accounted for by climatic and other physical conditions.”

  12. CHARLES R. DARWIN “Barriers of any kind…are related in a close and important manner to the differences between the productions [organisms] of various regions”

  13. FACTORS AFFECTING GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS (what might increase a species’ range?) BIOTIC Adaptation to new conditions Dispersal through continuous habitat “Jump Dispersal” across a major barrier (sea; mountain, etc.)

  14. FACTORS AFFECTING GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS (what might increase a species’ range?) ABIOTIC Climatic Regime change Eustatic Events (change in sea level-provides bridges) Tectonic Events (plate movements; mountains, etc.)

  15. DISPERSAL VS. VICARIANCE HYPOTHESESES Dispersal Hypothesis: Taxon originated in one area and dispersed to the other Vicariance Hypothesis: Areas were formerly contiguous, and were occupied by the ancestor. Species differentiated after barrier arose.

  16. MARSUPIAL EXAMPLE AREA CLADOGRAMS:

  17. CONGRUENT BIOGEOGRAPHIES (Comparative Phylogeography)

  18. ECOLOGY (ESSENTIAL) A species cannot survive outside of its physiological tolerance range; its biogeography cannot contradict its ecology.

  19. ECOLOGY (ESSENTIAL) A species cannot survive outside of its physiological tolerance range; its biogeography cannot contradict its ecology. Are Ecological and Historical Factors Alternatives?

  20. DETERMINING IF ECOLOGY OR HISTORY IS MORE IMPORTANT end of distribution end of distribution A A Same environment Different environment

  21. DETERMINING IF ECOLOGY OR HISTORY IS MORE IMPORTANT Different (A could not occur) Same environment (A could occur) end of distribution end of distribution A A Same environment Different environment

  22. DETERMINING IF ECOLOGY OR HISTORY IS MORE IMPORTANT History (Barrier existed) Ecology end of distribution end of distribution A A Same environment Different environment

  23. Taricha torosa Mitochondrial Lineages

  24. BIOCLIMATIC MODELING (unique environmental space: selection?)

  25. SYTEMATISTS AND ECOLOGISTS ASK DIFFERENT QUESTIONS Systematists look first to evolutionary history Ecologists look first to physiological tolerances and species interactions

  26. SYTEMATISTS AND ECOLOGISTS ASK DIFFERENT QUESTIONS Systematists look first to evolutionary history Ecologists look first to physiological tolerances and species interactions

  27. MacArthur and Wilson 1967 Theory of Island Biogeography “Why do islands have fewer species than same area on continent?”

  28. MacArthur and Wilson 1967 Theory of Island Biogeography “Why do islands have fewer species than same area on continent?” Small islands have higher extinction rates. Farther islands have lower probability of immigration. Function of SIZE of island and DISTANCE from mainland

  29. CHECKERBOARD DISTRIBUTIONS: not all islands have the predicted “equilibrium” number of species (White-eyes in New Guinea) Interspecific Competition (ecology) also influences particular species distributions.

  30. Placentals Marsupials CONVERGENT EVOLUTION (form of homoplasy) Are the same niches predictably occupied by phylogenetically independent groups of organisms?

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