LEARNING

1. LEARNING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING COGNITIVE LEARNING A (NOTES ARE AVAILABLE TO PRINT OUT)

2. 07_CLASSICAL CONDITIONING02 Fig6_3 PHASE I: Before conditioning has occurred UCS UCR (meat powder) (salivation) Neutral stimulus Orienting (tone) response PHASE II: The process of conditioning Neutral stimulus UCS UCR followed (tone) (meat powder) (salivation) by PHASE III: After conditioning has occurred CS CR (tone) (salivation) DELAYED CONDITIONING .5 SECONDS

3. Spontaneous recovery Extinction if UCS again withheld 07_03 SALIENCY OF REINFORCERS Fig6_4 Acquisition Extinction Strength of CR Trials Trials Time delay

4. InRev5b InRev5a InRev4b InRev2a BASIC PROCESSES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING InRev6a Process Description Example Acquisition Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination Extinction A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) are paired. The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS), eliciting a conditioned response (CR). A conditioned response is elicited not only by the conditioned stimulus but also by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. Generalization is limited so that some stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus do not elicit the conditioned response. The conditioned stimulus is presented alone, without the unconditioned stimulus. Eventually the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response. A child learns to fear (conditioned response) the doctor’s office (conditioned stimulus) by associating it with the reflexive emotional reaction (unconditioned response), to a painful injection (unconditioned stimulus). A child fears most doctors’ offices and places that smell like them. A child learns that his mother’s doctor’s office is not associated with the unconditioned stimulus. A child visits the doctor’s office several times for a checkup, but does not receive a shot. Fear may eventually cease.

5. Fig6_8

6. 07_12 Fig6_10 PUNISHMENT Frequency of Behavior Presentation of an behavior decreases unpleasant stimulus You touch a hot iron. You no longer touch Your hand is burned. hot irons. OMISSION Behavior Removal of a Frequency of pleasant stimulus behavior decreases You're careless with your ice cream cone. The ice cream falls on You're not as careless the ground. with the next cone.

7. InRev6a InRev5b InRev5a InRev4b InRev2a REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT Concept Description Example or Comment InRev6b Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Escape conditioning Avoidance conditioning Punishment Increasing the frequency of behavior by following it with the presentation of a positive reinforcer—a pleasant, positive stimulus or experience. Increasing the frequency of behavior by following it with the removal of a negative reinforcer—an unpleasant stimulus or experience. Learning to make a response that ends a negative reinforcer. Learning to make a response that avoids a negative reinforcer. Decreasing the frequency of behavior by either presenting an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant one. Saying “Good job” after someone works hard to perform a task. Pressing the “mute” button on a TV remote control removes the sound of an obnoxious commercial. A little boy learns that crying will cut short the time that he must stay in his room. You slow your car to the speed limit when you spot a police car, thus avoiding arrest and reducing the fear of arrest. Very resistant to extinction. Swatting the dog after she steals food from the table, or taking a favorite toy away from a child who misbehaves. A number of cautions should be kept in mind before using punishment.

8. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT Fig6_13 1000 Fixed ratio Variable ratio 750 Fixed interval Number of responses 500 Variable interval 250 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time in minutes

9. LATENT LEARNING Fig73 10 8 6 Average errors in the maze 4 2 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 Days No reward Regularly rewarded No reward until day 11