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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Types of Hormones The Endocrine System How Hormones Work Regulation of Body Processes Regulation of Hormone Production ] Endocrine Glands The Endocrine System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. The Endocrine System > Types of Hormones Types of Hormones • Hormone Functions • Lipid-Derived, Amino Acid-Derived, and Peptide Hormones Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-endocrine-system-37/types-of-hormones-210/

  6. The Endocrine System > How Hormones Work How Hormones Work • How Hormones Work • Intracellular Hormone Receptors • Plasma Membrane Hormone Receptors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-endocrine-system-37/how-hormones-work-211/

  7. The Endocrine System > Regulation of Body Processes Regulation of Body Processes • Hormonal Regulation of the Excretory System • Hormonal Regulation of the Reproductive System • Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism • Hormonal Control of Blood Calcium Levels • Hormonal Regulation of Growth • Hormonal Regulation of Stress Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-endocrine-system-37/regulation-of-body-processes-212/

  8. The Endocrine System > Regulation of Hormone Production Regulation of Hormone Production • Humoral, Hormonal, and Neural Stimuli Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-endocrine-system-37/regulation-of-hormone-production-213/

  9. The Endocrine System > Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands • Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis • Thyroid Gland • Parathyroid Glands • Adrenal Glands • Pancreas • Pineal Gland and Gonads • Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-endocrine-system-37/endocrine-glands-214/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. The Endocrine System Key terms • adenohypophysisthe anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, producing and secreting several peptide hormones that regulate many physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction • adrenocorticotropic hormonea peptide hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that stimulates the secretion of other hormones • aldosteronea mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body • aldosteronea mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body • androgenthe generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates • androgenthe generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates • anorexigeniccreating or inducing a state of anorexia • antidiuretic hormonea hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys • aquaporinany of a class of proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells • atrial natriuretic peptidea strong vasodilatory, peptide hormone, secreted by the cardiac muscle cells • calcitonina hormone, secreted by parenchymal cells, that regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism • calcitriolthe active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol of vitamin D3 that is involved in the absorption of calcium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. The Endocrine System • calcitriolthe active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol of vitamin D3 that is involved in the absorption of calcium • catecholamineany of a class of aromatic amines derived from pyrocatechol that are hormones produced by the adrenal gland • corticosteroidany of a group of steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in a large range of physiological systems • cyclic adenosine monophosphatecAMP, a second messenger derived from ATP that is involved in the activation of protein kinases and regulates the effects of adrenaline • diencephalonthe region of the human brain, specifically the human forebrain, that includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus, the prethalamus or subthalamus, and the pretectum • electrolyteany of the various ions (such as sodium or chloride) that regulate the electric charge on cells and the flow of water across their membranes • endocrine systema control system of ductless glands that secrete hormones which circulate via the bloodstream to affect cells within specific organs • epinephrine(adrenaline) an amino acid-derived hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress • epinephrine(adrenaline) an amino acid-derived hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress • epinephrine(adrenaline) an amino acid-derived hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress • estrogenany of a group of steroids (lipid-hormones) that are secreted by the ovaries and function as female sex hormones • exocrineproducing external secretions that are released through a duct Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. The Endocrine System • follicle stimulating hormonea gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone, secreted in the anterior pituitary, that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in female mammals, and induces spermatogenesis in male mammals • G proteinany of a class of proteins, found in cell membranes, that pass signals between hormone receptors and effector enzymes • gene expressionthe transcription and translation of a gene into messenger RNA and, thus, into a protein • gigantisma condition caused by an over-production of growth hormone, resulting in excessive bone growth • glucagona hormone, produced by the pancreas, that opposes the action of insulin by stimulating the production of sugar • glucagona hormone, produced by the pancreas, that opposes the action of insulin by stimulating the production of sugar • glucocorticoidany of a group of steroid hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties • glucocorticoidany of a group of steroid hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties • gluconeogenesisthe metabolic process in which glucose is formed, mostly in the liver, from non-carbohydrate precursors • glycogena polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals; converted to glucose as needed • glycogenolysisthe production of glucose-1-phosphate by splitting a glucose monomer from glycogen using inorganic phosphate • gonada sex organ that produces gametes; specifically, a testicle or ovary Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. The Endocrine System • gonadotropin-releasing hormonea trophicpeptide responsible for the release of follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone from the anterior pituitary, synthesized and released from the hypothalamus • growth hormoneany polypeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that promotes growth and regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids • hormoneany substance produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to affect physiological activity • hormoneany substance produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to affect physiological activity • humoralof or relating to the body fluids or humours • hyperparathyroidisman abnormal increase in parathyroid gland activity • hyperthyroidismthe excessive production of hormones by the thyroid • hypoglycemiaa condition in which blood glucose levels are too low • hypoparathyroidismdeficiency of parathyroid hormone • hypophysisanother name for the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain • hypothalamusa region of the forebrain located below the thalamus that regulates body temperature, some metabolic processes and governs the autonomic nervous system • hypothalamusa region of the forebrain located below the thalamus that regulates body temperature, some metabolic processes and governs the autonomic nervous system Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. The Endocrine System • hypothyroidismthe disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland • inhibina peptide hormone, secreted by the gonads, which inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone • insulina polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism • insulina polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism • islets of Langerhansregions in the pancreas that contain its endocrine cells • leptina protein hormone produced in adipose tissue; it plays a role in regulating appetite and metabolism • luteinizing hormonea hormone, produced by part of the pituitary gland, that stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in female mammals, and the production of androgens by male mammals • melatonina hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland; it stimulates color change in the skin of reptiles and is involved in the sleep/wake and reproductive cycles in mammals • mineralocorticoidany of a group of steroid hormones, characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism • mineralocorticoidany of a group of steroid hormones, characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism • neurohypophysisthe posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • norepinephrinea neurotransmitter found in the locus coeruleus which is synthesized from dopamine Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. The Endocrine System • orexigenicthat stimulates the appetite • osmoreceptora sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure • osteoblasta mononucleate cell from which bone develops • osteoblasta mononucleate cell from which bone develops • osteoclasta large multinuclear cell associated with the resorption of bone • osteoclasta large multinuclear cell associated with the resorption of bone • oxytocina hormone that stimulates contractions during labor, and then the production of milk • parathyroid hormonea polypeptide hormone that is released by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands and is involved in raising the levels of calcium ions in the blood • parathyroid hormonea polypeptide hormone that is released by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands and is involved in raising the levels of calcium ions in the blood • photoperiodthe normal duration of natural daylight experienced by an organism; daylength • phytohormonea plant hormone • pituitary glandan endocrine gland, about the size of a pea, whose secretions control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. The Endocrine System • prolactina peptide gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland; it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation in females • receptora protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions • renina circulating enzyme released by mammalian kidneys that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I that plays a role in maintaining blood pressure • second messengerany substance used to transmit a signal within a cell, especially one which triggers a cascade of events by activating cellular components • somatostatina polypeptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that inhibits the production of certain other hormones • steroida class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins • target cellany cell having a specific receptor for a hormone • thymosina polypeptide hormone, secreted by the thymus, that stimulates the development of T cells as part of the immune system • thyrocalcitonina hormone, secreted by parenchymal cells, that regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism • thyroglobulina globulin, produced by the thyroid gland, that has a role in the production of the thyroid hormones • thyroxinea hormone (an iodine derivative of tyrosine), produced by the thyroid gland, that regulates cell metabolism and growth • thyroxinea hormone (an iodine derivative of tyrosine), produced by the thyroid gland, that regulates cell metabolism and growth Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. The Endocrine System • transcriptionthe synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA • triiodothyroninethe most powerful thyroid hormone, affecting almost every process in the body, including body temperature, growth, and heart rate • triiodothyroninethe most powerful thyroid hormone, affecting almost every process in the body, including body temperature, growth, and heart rate Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. The Endocrine System Hormones in metamorphosis The process of amphibian metamorphosis, as seen in the tadpole-to-frog stages shown here, is driven by hormones. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44765/latest/Figure_37_00_01abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. The Endocrine System The regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon As the levels of glucose in the blood rise, insulin stimulates the cells to take up more glucose and signals the liver to convert the excess glucose to glycogen, a form in which it can be stored for later use. When the levels of glucose in the blood fall, glucagon responds by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and signals the production of additional glucose from amino acids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Regulation of Body Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/Figure_37_03_05.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. The Endocrine System Peptide hormones The structures of peptide hormones (a) oxytocin, (b) growth hormone, and (c) follicle-stimulating hormone are shown. These peptide hormones are much larger than those derived from cholesterol or amino acids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Hormones. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44766/latest/Figure_37_01_03abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. The Endocrine System Amino acid-derived hormones (a) The hormone epinephrine, which triggers the fight-or-flight response, is derived from the amino acid tyrosine. (b) The hormone melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms, is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Hormones. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44766/latest/Figure_37_01_02ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. The Endocrine System Second messenger systems The amino acid-derived hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to beta-adrenergic receptors on the plasma membrane of cells. Hormone binding to receptor activates a G protein, which in turn activates adenylyl cyclase, converting ATP to cAMP. cAMP is a second messenger that mediates a cell-specific response. An enzyme called phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP, terminating the signal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Hormones Work. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44768/latest/Figure_37_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. The Endocrine System Adrenal glands Adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys. These glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Endocrine Glands. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44775/latest/Figure_37_05_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. The Endocrine System Hormonal control of thyroid hormone release The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland, via hormones, to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This in turn causes the release of the hormones T3 and T4. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Thyroid system."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thyroid_system.svgView on Boundless.com

  26. The Endocrine System Hormone functioning The hormone insulin binds to its receptor (1), which starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5), and triglyceride (6). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Insulin glucose metabolism ZP."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insulin_glucose_metabolism_ZP.svgView on Boundless.com

  27. The Endocrine System ANP hormone structure The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), released in response to increased blood volume, is produced by endocrine cells in the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."ANP-structure."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ANP-structure.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. The Endocrine System Lipid-derived hormones The structures shown here represent (a) cholesterol, plus the steroid hormones (b) testosterone and (c) estradiol. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Types of Hormones. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44766/latest/Figure_37_01_01abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. The Endocrine System Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus can cause a wide range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, lethargy, a frequency in urination, and high levels of glucose in the urine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Regulation of Body Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/Figure_37_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. The Endocrine System Regulation of blood calcium levels Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to low blood calcium levels. It increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the resorption of bones, increasing calcium resorption in the kidneys, and indirectly increasing calcium absorption in the intestines. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Regulation of Body Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/Figure_37_03_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. The Endocrine System Fight-or-flight response When an animal feels threatened, epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal medulla prepare the body to fight a threat or flee from it by breaking down stores of glycogen, which provides an immediate boost of energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gato enervado pola presencia dun can."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gato_enervado_pola_presencia_dun_can.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. The Endocrine System Hormone regulation of gene expression An intracellular nuclear receptor (NR) is located in the cytoplasm bound to a heat shock protein (HSP). Upon hormone binding, the receptor dissociates from the heat shock protein and translocates to the nucleus. In the nucleus, the hormone-receptor complex binds to a DNA sequence called a hormone response element (HRE), which triggers gene transcription and translation. The corresponding protein product can then mediate changes in cell function. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Hormones Work. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44768/latest/Figure_37_02_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  33. The Endocrine System Regulation of the female reproductive system Hormonal regulation of the female reproductive system involves hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the release of FSH, which stimulates the growth of egg cells, and LH, which signals for the the ovulation of an egg from its follicle. The ovaries, in turn, secrete hormones that play a role in female sexual characteristics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Regulation of Body Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/Figure_37_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. The Endocrine System Action of aldosterone ADH and aldosterone increase blood pressure and volume. Angiotensin II stimulates release of these hormones. Angiotensin II, in turn, is formed when renin cleaves angiotensin. This increases water retention and blood pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Regulation of Body Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/Figure_37_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. The Endocrine System The negative feedback loop of the male reproductive system GnRH, secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulates the production of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland. These hormones encourage the development of sperm cells within the testicles, which then produce inhibin and inhibit the production of GnRH, FSH and LH in a negative feedback loop. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hypothalamus pituitary testicles axis."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypothalamus_pituitary_testicles_axis.pngView on Boundless.com

  36. The Endocrine System Thyroid gland The location of the thyroid gland is in the neck below the larynx and in front of the trachea; it is the largest endocrine gland in the body, producing T3, T4, and calcitonin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Endocrine Glands. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44775/latest/Figure_37_05_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. The Endocrine System Effects of growth hormone Growth hormone directly accelerates the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and bones. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is activated by growth hormone and also allows formation of new proteins in muscle cells and bone. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Regulation of Body Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/Figure_37_03_07.pngView on Boundless.com

  38. The Endocrine System Parathyroid glands The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium concentrations when calcium ion levels fall below normal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Endocrine Glands. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44775/latest/Figure_37_05_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. The Endocrine System Thymus The thymus, located behind the sternum, produces the hormone thymosin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Illu thymus."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_thymus.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. The Endocrine System Pancreas The pancreas is found underneath the stomach and points toward the spleen. It is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Endocrine Glands. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44775/latest/Figure_37_05_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. The Endocrine System Islets of Langerhans The islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells found in the pancreas; they stain lighter than surrounding cells. The alpha and beta cells produce glucagon and insulin, respectively. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Endocrine Glands. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44775/latest/Figure_37_05_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. The Endocrine System Pituitary gland The pituitary gland is located at (a) the base of the brain and is (b) connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Endocrine Glands. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44775/latest/Figure_37_05_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. The Endocrine System Testes The testes produce androgens, such as testosterone, which regulate primary sex organ development and function, as well as the development of secondary sex characteristics and the production of sperm cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Gray1144."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1144.png%23filelinksView on Boundless.com

  44. The Endocrine System Ovaries The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which are hormones responsible for the development of sexual characteristics in females and the preparation of female bodies for pregnancy and childbirth. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Gray589."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray589.pngView on Boundless.com

  45. The Endocrine System Pineal gland The pineal gland is an endocrine gland located in the middle of the brain. It is responsible for the production of melatonin, a hormone which acts as an antioxidant and is involved in the regulation of biological rhythms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Illu pituitary pineal glands."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. The Endocrine System Nervous system endocrine glands: the pineal gland The pineal gland, found in the brain, produces the hormone melatonin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Endocrine central nervous en."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine_central_nervous_en.svgView on Boundless.com

  47. The Endocrine System Endocrine system: gonads and their hormones The gonads are the sex organs. Male testes produce androgens, while female ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Endocrine reproductive system en."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine_reproductive_system_en.svgView on Boundless.com

  48. The Endocrine System Attribution • Wiktionary."endocrine system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endocrine_system • Wiktionary."target cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/target_cell • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 30, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44766/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44765/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikibooks."Principles of Biochemistry/Hormones."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Biochemistry/Hormones • Wiktionary."hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hormone • Wikipedia."estrogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/estrogen • Wiktionary."oxytocin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oxytocin • Wiktionary."epinephrine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epinephrine • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 30, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44766/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44766/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44766/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Vitamin d."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_d%23Mechanism_of_action • Wiktionary."gene expression."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene_expression • Wiktionary."steroid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steroid • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44768/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."transcription."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transcription Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  49. The Endocrine System • Wikipedia."cyclic adenosine monophosphate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cyclic%20adenosine%20monophosphate • Wiktionary."second messenger."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/second_messenger • Wiktionary."G protein."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/G_protein • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44768/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."renin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renin • Wiktionary."aquaporin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aquaporin • Wiktionary."electrolyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electrolyte • Wiktionary."aldosterone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aldosterone • Wiktionary."mineralocorticoid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mineralocorticoid • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."osmoreceptor."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/osmoreceptor • Wiktionary."antidiuretic hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antidiuretic_hormone • Wikipedia."GnRH."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GnRH • Wikipedia."Follicle-stimulating hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone%23Effects_in_males • Wikipedia."gonadotropin-releasing hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gonadotropin-releasing%20hormone • Wiktionary."prolactin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prolactin • Wiktionary."luteinizing hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luteinizing_hormone • Wiktionary."androgen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/androgen • Wiktionary."gonad."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gonad Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  50. The Endocrine System • Wiktionary."inhibin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inhibin • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."follicle stimulating hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/follicle_stimulating_hormone • Wiktionary."triiodothyronine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/triiodothyronine • Wiktionary."hypoglycemia."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypoglycemia • Wiktionary."hypothyroidism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypothyroidism • Wiktionary."gluconeogenesis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gluconeogenesis • Wiktionary."thyroxine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thyroxine • Wiktionary."glycogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glycogen • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44777/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."hyperthyroidism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperthyroidism • Wiktionary."glucagon."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glucagon • Wiktionary."glycogenolysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glycogenolysis • Wiktionary."insulin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/insulin • Wiktionary."osteoblast."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteoblast • Wiktionary."hyperparathyroidism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperparathyroidism • Wiktionary."calcitonin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calcitonin • Wiktionary."hypoparathyroidism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypoparathyroidism • Wiktionary."calcitriol."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calcitriol Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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