Anthropology in the Modern World

2. Culture Change Culture change has many causes. A change should be adaptive, but isn�t always. Ex.: Fancy new homes springing up along geologic fault lines in California

3. Change through Diffusion Diffusion happens when a new thing is accepted from another culture. Only causes some culture change. Is selective, not automatic. The trait is often altered by the receiving culture.

4. Example:Diffusion from China to Japan Throughout its history, Japan received many ideas from China, including the kanji writing system. Also, it rejected other practices (ex.: tonal poetry and female foot-binding).

5. Change through Acculturation When a smaller and a larger culture collide, the smaller can adapt many elements from the larger one (acculturation). A colonized society goes through much acculturation when it is conquered / influenced.

6. Example: Maya during the Conquest Spaniards forced the Maya to become Catholic. Instead, the Maya worshiped their gods through the images of Jesus, Mary and the saints. Evangelical Christianity suffers the same fate among the modern Maya.

7. Change through Revolution This sometimes violent replacement of a society's rulers is a drastic, rapid type of change. Mostly occur in state societies with a distinct ruling elite.

8. Example: the American Revolution Violent uprising of most British North American colonies against the English crown. The uprising was successful, leading to a new government. Similar revolutions followed in Mexico, Haiti and South America.

9. Modern Revolutions Recent examples: Haiti, Cote d�Iv�ire, Liberia, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Ecuador, Nepal Can arise from internal or external pressure Some were violent. Not all revolutions are successful (Ex.: Nat Turner slave rebellion)

10. Other Types of Change Ethnogenesis is the creation of new cultures. Ethnocide is the destruction of cultural identity � (not the same as genocide).

11. Globalization and Cultural / Economic Colonialism Economic networks tie the world together like never before. The most powerful countries hold the most influence without conquering the culture (cultural colonialism). Hand in hand with economic colonialism (spreading cultural influence through economics).

12. World Systems Theory (Immanuel Wallerstein) According to this theory, the world is divided into economic core, semi-periphery and periphery countries.

13. World Systems Theory: the Core The core countries � the US, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan � are economic superpowers, importing more raw goods and exporting more finished goods.

14. World Systems Theory: the Periphery Those countries who become so dependent lie on the periphery � they often export more raw goods and import more finished goods.

15. World Systems theory:the Semi-Periphery Some semi-periphery countries import both raw and finished goods to some places and export them to others (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Eastern Europe, Saudi Arabia, etc.)

16. Commercialization Occurs when indigenous / smaller cultures become involved in this modern world market. Happens through migration, slavery, cash cropping, and dependence on a dominant society.

17. Transnationalism Commercialization can also spark migration. The migrants often salute both their home lands and their new homes � transnationalism.

18. Example: �Transnational Fiesta� A large segment of Washington, DC�s Peruvian-American community comes from the village of Cabanaconde, & have been in DC since the 1970�s. These Cabane�os consider themselves Americans, but return regularly to Cabanaconde, even returning in 1992 to sponsor a big fiesta.

19. Democracy Another effect of Western influence is the spread of the Western-style democracy, now in many countries. Many of these democracies still sponsor violence.

20. It All Leads to Globalization All of this change leads to globalization � the spread of cultural features around the world. This minimizes cultural diversity (the �McDonaldization� of the world), but does not eliminate it.

21. Indigenous Peoples and Cultural Change Old theory: "old" / �backward� / �weird� cultures will happily trade up for our better one. Self-fulfilling prophecy? Traditional societies (the fourth world) often had no chance to work out their own adaptations, and were often acculturated assimilated exterminated

22. Example: the �Indian School� US / Canadian phenomenon Took Indian children and �re-enculturated� them into the American / Canadian lifestyle. Similar practices in Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Japan. Many indigenous peoples in Latin America are pressured to �re-enculturate� as well. Ex.: Peru�s state-sponsored teachers who only speak Spanish (not indigenous languages)

23. Indigenous Resistance to Change Indigenous cultures may resist or adapt to modernization. Exs.: Indigenous subsistence patterns revived in Mongolia Linguistic revitalization in North and Central America Native Americans use modern technology to keep their traditional cultures California Indian Radio Project Envoys to U.N. Western-style museums Other indigenous peoples work within �the system� to make a statement (Ex.: Elijah Harper).

24. A New World Awareness? Globalization increases awareness of the outside world, and see many problems around the world that also happen at home. The leaders of those movements are often from dominant cultures, and hold an ethnocentric view of how to solve a problem. Ex.: Worldwide feminist and environmental movements Ex.: Greenpeace vs. Inuit whalers

25. International Problems:Poverty & Violence Poverty Violence Can depend on gender stratification, socialization for violence) War Pressure on resources is often a cause Terrorism Has occurred throughout history. State terrorism Often hand in hand with totalitarianism.

26. �Trobriand Cricket� Questions What is cricket? How was it introduced into the Trobriand Islands? What are some ways that the Trobriand game differs from the regular game (that is, what is �Trobriand� and what is �cricket�?) What functions does cricket serve in Trobriand society? How is it like the Kawelka moka? Note examples of the following in the game: Religion / Magic / Medicine Expressive Culture (Music / Costume / Etc.) Economics Politics Rituals Sexuality Globalization / Colonialism (Contact with the outside world)