Chapter 17 The New Frontier and The Great Society

1. Chapter 17The New Frontier and The Great Society 1

2. Starter #3: Tuesday 2/26 2 • Read the Inside Story on page 526 • Why might radio listeners and television viewers have had different opinions of the candidates’ performances in the debates? • How were the campaigns affected as a result of the televised debates?

3. Kennedy Becomes President 3 • Kennedy vs. Nixon • JFK represented youth & change • Strong Anti-Communist tone • Claimed that Soviets surpassing US • Close election – 120,000 votes separated them out of 69 million

4. Kennedy’s Cabinet 4 • Surrounded himself with young influential people • “best and the brightest” • Robert Kennedy (Bobby) – his brother made him Attorney General

5. The Bay of Pigs Invasion 5 • Castro took over Cuba in 1959 with a strong anti-American message • Signed trade agreement with Soviets in 1960 • CIA secretly training 1500 Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro • Planned a secret invasion to overtake Castro – thought Cubans would join in

6. Failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion 6 • New York Times reported the plan a week before invasion • Failed to destroy Cuban air force • Land invasion on the shore of Bay of Pigs had little chance of success • Expected anti-Castro uprising never happened • Strengthened Soviet – Cuban relations

7. The Berlin Crisis 7 • West vs. East • Early 1961 200,000 East Berliners escaped to the West • Threat of East taking over the West, so JFK build up troops in the West • August 13, 1961 Soviets put 25,000 guards on the border and erected a barbed wire barrier around West Berlin

8. Berlin Wall 8 • Concert Wall later replaced the barbed wire fencing • “A wall is a … lot better than a war” • Wall separated families, neighborhoods, streets, cemeteries • JFK’s “I am a Berliner” speech • June 26, 1963

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10. West Side vs. East Side 10

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12. Cuban Missile Crisis 12 • October 1962 – closest US came to nuclear war • Background • Both countries taking a hard line • Failure of Bay of Pigs, wanted another invasion of Cuba • US put missiles in Turkey • Soviets felt justified in placing missiles in Cuba

13. Cuban Missile Crisis 13 • U-2 spy planes flew over Cuba and discovered SAMs (surface to air missiles) • Soviets denied, another U-2 flight found solid evidence Soviets had lied • Air Strike vs. Naval Blockade • JFK decided on Blockade of Soviets into Cuba – Soviets warned this would cause war • World waited as Soviets neared blockade, and they turned away • Soviets said would remove missiles if we never invaded Cuba – we agreed • Set up hotline for US & Soviets to communicate

14. Starter #7, Tuesday 2/8 14 • Based on the notes from yesterday: • Why were U.S. – Cuban relations strained when Kennedy took office? • Why would a strong Soviet alliance with a Latin American nation make the United States uneasy?

15. Starter # 14 Friday 2/10 15 • Read the Inside Story on page 535 • How did the Kennedy family embody youth and vitality? • Describe Jacqueline Kennedy and what she did while she was First Lady.

16. Chapter 17 Section 2 Kennedy’s Thousand Days 16 • Kennedy’s New Frontier • Youth and vitality Kennedy’s brought to White House

17. Image and Reality 17 • Understood power of media • Pictures of activity (sailing, swimming) • Used his wife and two young kids to create a favorable public opinion • First young kids in White House since 1908 • Jackie was 31 when JKF was elected • Made White House the nation’s unofficial cultural center by hosting elaborate events

18. Kennedy and Congress 18 • Liked Kennedy more than his policy of New Frontier • Many Americans not reform minded • Southern Democrats and Republicans joined together to block Kennedy’s proposals • Due to 1960 close election, JFK needed to convience Congress that the people agreed with his plan • Denied the clear mandate: authorization to act

19. Continued… 19 • Congress denied his acts to lower taxes for unemployed, federal education aid, health care for the elderly • Bypassed Congress 1962, used media to pressure steel companies to lower prices • Helped lower class; raised minimum wage

20. The Space Program 20 • Symbolized the New Frontier • Asked for Congress’ funding of the unmanned exploration of space

21. The Warren Court 21 • Court responsible for changes to American society • Earl Warren: Chief Justice who granted controversial Court rulings which greatly extended individual rights and freedoms • Influential with Civil Rights • Warren Court: 1960s issued series of decisions concern several reforms

22. Voting-Rights Reform 22 • Updated boundaries of legislative districts • Some had not been updated since 1901 • Densely populated urban areas have same votes as rural regions • Violated 14th Amendment; denied voters equal protections of the law • Reform guaranteed each citizen’s vote had equal weight: “one person, one vote” • Baker v. Carr • Westberry v. Sanders

23. The Rights of the Accused 23 • Extended the Bill of Rights to the actions of state government • Mapp v. Ohio – search warrants • Gideon v. Wainwright – free attorneys • Miranda v. Arizona – Miranda Rights

24. Religious Freedom 24 • Engel v. Vitale: banned formal prayers in Public Schools • Violated 1st Amendment, that government would not make any religion the nation’s official religion

25. The Kennedy Assassination 25 • November 22, 1963 flew to Texas to help win back support of Southern Democrats for re-election • Dallas in open car motorcade with Jackie • Shots fired from building • Died hours later, Johnson sworn in as President aboard Air Force One “The legacy of hope died with him. You never had that same sense again that we were moving forward.”

26. The Warren Commission 26 • Arrested Lee Harvey Oswald with shooting of JFK • Had connections with Soviet Union and Cuba • 2 days later during transfer Jack Ruby shot Oswald • President Johnson named to commission to investigate • After 10 months; determined no conspiracy

27. An end to a beginning 27 • Assassination affected the nation • Jackie planned funeral to rival that of Lincoln • Buried hillside at Arlington with eternal flame • Legacy: Improved relations with Soviet Union and created the Peace Corps

28. Starter #4: Thursday 2/28 28 • Read the Inside Story on page 541. • Describe the “Johnson Treatment” • Why was this treatment so effective in getting him what he wanted?

29. Starter #5 29 • Look at Chart on pg 546 • Which Great Society program do you think has been most beneficial to American society? Why

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33. Chapter 17 Section 3The Great Society 33 • Johnson Becomes President • While vice president, he missed the power he had in the Senate • Might have better served JFK in Senate, policies may have gone through • Opposite of JFK • Rugged, battle scars, crude language • Great Depression got job through NYA • State Director for TX, Congress, Senate

34. Continued… 34 • After one year, elected Senate Majority Leader • Close relationship with Eisenhower, many policies pushed through, well liked Democrat • Differed with JFK in policies • Expanded role for government, concern for poor & underprivileged “All I have I would have given gladly not to be standing here today.”

35. Enacting Kennedy’s Agenda 35 • Vowed to carry on Kennedy’s policies • New Frontier “Let us here highly resolve that John Fitzgerald did not live – or die– in vain.”

36. Creating the Great Society 36 • Own presidency, pushed his policies • Education Acts • Aide to schools, college students, Head Start • Health Care • Medicare & Medicaid • Improve quality of life, environmental laws • Highway Beautification Act • Major programs listed on page 546

37. Decline of the Great Society 37 • Peak 1965-1966, passed 181 of 200 bills • Midterm Republicans gained seats, slowed down legislations • Public Broadcasting Act 1967 • PBS & NPR, alternatives to offerings of commercial television and radio • Truth-in-Lending Act 1967 • Lenders inform consumers of costs of credit transactions • Great Society policies still around today

38. Johnson’s Foreign Policy 38 • Vietnam War, caused decline in domestic affairs • 385,000 troops sent to Vietnam 1966 • Spent $2.5 billion each month • “We cannot have guns and butter” • Chose guns; stop spread of communism

39. The War on Poverty 39 • JFK motivated by The Other America • Excerpt page 543, not all Americans benefited from postwar prosperity • Notified first day of office • Johnson gave it top priority • War on Poverty; mentioned in State of Union address Jan 1964 • Passed the Economic Opportunity Act • Job Corps: Work Training for unemployed youth • VISTA: domestic version of Peace Corps

40. Other Initiatives Passed 40 • Tax Cut Bill & Civil Rights Legislation • Economy grew 10%, unemployed declined • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Civil Rights in memory of JFK

41. The Great Society 41 • Johnson had own plans…speech page 545 • The 1964 Election • Great Society: term used for domestic policies • Barry Goldwater, Republican candidate • Democrats made look like radical who would lead country to nuclear war, referred to in Vietnam War • Compared Great Society to communism • Johnson received 61% of popular vote

42. Continued… 42 • Johnson Doctrine • Sent troops to Dominican Republic to put down uprising • Justified by declaring not just local concerns when “the object is the establishment of a Communist dictatorship.” • Improve relations with Soviet Union • Negotiated first treaty since 1917 • Pueblo Incident • North Korea captured US ship & crew • Sent in 14,000, negotiated but kept the ship