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CS 575

CS 575. Spring 2012 Lecture 2. Engelbart Video Discussion. Object-oriented system UI, Code, Documentation, Papers Language design “overlay” hierarchy of objects Custom languages Finite State Machines Compiler-compiler Software Engineering Source-code control, Documentation

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CS 575

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  1. CS 575 Spring 2012 Lecture 2

  2. Engelbart Video Discussion • Object-oriented system • UI, Code, Documentation, Papers • Language design • “overlay” hierarchy of objects • Custom languages • Finite State Machines • Compiler-compiler • Software Engineering • Source-code control, Documentation • Communication • Message handling and management • Human-computer, Human-human collaboration concepts implemented in hardware & Software sytems • Remote Videocams, mouse, …

  3. Augmenting the Human Intellect • 1962Engelbart’s report/proposal to Air Force Ofc. Of Scientific Research • http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html • Capability to obtain better solutions to complex problems • New conceptual framework • Not small tricks • Example scenario: an architect’s workday • Design alternatives • Operational environments • Functional specifications • Detailed design • Tools • Synthesis, analysis, verification, debugging

  4. Engelbart Overview • Conceptual framework is needed to know • What to augment • artifacts • language • methodology • Training • Goal: problem solving process • Process is what we actually do, and are trying to do more effectively • Structure or organization across the board • Little steps, organized as a process hierarchy • Versus objects? • Process repertoire or toolkit • Basic capabilities (‘hardware’) to higher-level capabilities • Synergy, emergent capabilities, … • Which subprocess to choose? • Executive Capability: planning, selecting, and supervising • Augmentation impact • Suppose you had a better writing tool… • Hardware, software, dictionary, spell checker, fact researcher, … • Pencil to word processor • Benefits? • Break down old process, come up with new process • New capabilities!

  5. Engelbart: Two-domain system • H-LAM/T

  6. Engelbart (contd) • Capability repertoire hierarchy • Basic capabilities (human and artifact) are the raw materials • Mental structuring (cognitive structures) • Development Models: garden, basketball team, machine building • Concept structuring • Symbol structuring • Process structuring • ‘M’ in H-LAM/T • Physical structuring • A in H-LAM/T • Interdependence among all these structures

  7. Engelbart (contd) • How did humans get ‘augmented’ during our development? • 1. concept manipulation • 2. symbol manipulation • 3. Manual, External, Symbol Manipulation • Whorf’s hypothesis: Language affects our thinking and capabilities • 4. Automated external symbol manipulation (neo-whorfian: technology affects language and capabilities) • Language can also evolve to meet conceptual and task needs (counterargument to whorfian hypothesis)

  8. Engelbart (contd) • Brick-pencil experiment

  9. Engelbart (contd) • Brick-pencil expt (de-augmentation) • Typewriter: 7 sec • Pencil: 20 secs • Brick, small letters: 65+ secs • Brick, large letters: 42 secs • Impacts on effectiveness of culture • Too hard too few people doing it • Different concepts for work, record-keeping, etc. • What about known impacts of actual augmentation, 46 years after Engelbart wrote this proposal?

  10. Engelbart (contd) • Concept structuring • concepts are tools • concepts have handles--representations • concept structures map to mental structures • some concept structures are better than others • language (natural lang esp) is the grand concept structuring tool

  11. Engelbart (contd) • Symbol structuring • some symbols work better than others • depends on the purpose • need flexibility, translatability • view generation capability (rather than physical linear ordering)

  12. Engelbart (contd) • Interdependence among hierarchies • Cyclic • Regenerative • Improvement in one category feeds improvement in other categories

  13. Engelbart (contd) • Roles and levels • executive • direct-contributive • model of executive superstructure • Bureaucratic hierarchy is onerous • contractor-subcontractor model • Flexibility in the Executive Role • executive tasks are complex • orderly flexibility requirement on symbol etc. structures is costly • disorderly process of change must be supported • ‘agile methodologies’

  14. Engelbart (contd) • Who will benefit • Every person who does his thinking with symbolized concepts • Human language, pictographs, formal logic, mathematics, … • Architects, engineers, lawyers, writers, … • ‘information workers’

  15. Human-computer symbiosis • Issues • Speed mismatch • System requirements (hardware, memory, …) • Organizational mismatch: Memory organization (Information structuring and retrieval) • Language mismatch • What versus how • I/O mismatch • Voice, mobile, touch, …

  16. Computer as communication device • “In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face” • What is communication? • Two tape recorders exchanging data • Two humans having a meeting • Collaborative Modeling

  17. Licklider Contd--Economics • Models are complex • Simplification is risky and dangerous • Oversimplification • Premature simplification • Communicating models is expensive • Cost of not doing it?

  18. Licklider Contd • Computer as switch vs. interactor • Distributed intellectual resources • ‘critical creative mass’ • Vision of internet • Store-and-forward technology • Economics: billing models

  19. Vision of internet • Node • Mediator for online life: OLIVER • Social groups • Better for individual • Better for society

  20. Summary • Human Augmentation & Man-Computer symbiosis studied systematically very early on • Licklider’s vision of internet was based on communication Led to TCP/IP

  21. Needfinding Exercise • Post-disaster • Lost pet • Missing relative • Age, disability • Locating relief centers • Available • Match needs • Getting help to come to you • Procurement • Barter • Keeping track of balance • Money transfer • Limitations • Servers down • High traffic • Random failures of connectivity but worldwide connectivity may still be available

  22. Workarounds, hacks • Errors

  23. Good Questions? • Feature x: is it important to you? • Specific vulnerability of systems to abuse • Open-ended: what features would you like to see? • User self-profile • Who would you interview?

  24. Data recording • Notetaking • Photos • videos

  25. Other Strategies • Diary studies

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