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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Linux on the Desktop. McGraw-Hill. Learning Outcomes . Describe Linux Install Linux Demonstrate basic skills for using Linux Manage Linux files and directories with shell commands Secure a Linux desktop Troubleshoot common Linux problems. Linux Overview. Why Learn Linux?

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Linux on the Desktop McGraw-Hill

  2. Learning Outcomes • Describe Linux • Install Linux • Demonstrate basic skills for using Linux • Manage Linux files and directories with shell commands • Secure a Linux desktop • Troubleshoot common Linux problems

  3. Linux Overview • Why Learn Linux? • Qualifying for a Job • Improving Your Skills

  4. Linux Overview • The Evolution of Linux • Ken Thompson of Bell Labs wrote an operating system in the 1970's that evolved into UNIX • UNIX went on to power the computers of most of the universities, corporations, and governments of the world • UNIX has a reputation as a powerful, stable, and fast system • 1984: GNU formed to develop a free version of a UNIX-like OS

  5. Linux Overview • The Evolution of Linux (cont.) • 1988: UNIX licensees formed the Open System Foundation (OSF) • AT&T and others formed UNIX International to oppose OSF • 1991: Linus Torvalds and others began development of Linux as an open-source operating system based on UNIX • Open source software is distributed with all its source code

  6. Linux Overview • Linux Today • Novell and IBM (and others) have integrated open source software into their product mix • Manufacturers sell Web servers running Apache Web Server on Linux • Linux now on computers ranging from desktops to corporate servers

  7. Linux Overview • Features and Benefits of Linux • Free or Inexpensive • Runs on Old Equipment • Fast • Command line only or add a GUI • Stable • Secure • Open Source

  8. Linux Overview • Drawbacks of Linux • Lack of Centralized Support • Limited Software Selection • Limited Hardware Support • Complexity

  9. Linux Overview • Acquiring Linux for the Desktop • Many sources: select by role • Server or desktop? • Select a source that meets your support needs • Desktop Linux sources • Ubuntu (www.ubuntu.com) • Fedora (fedoraproject.org) • OpenSUSE (www.opensuse.org)

  10. Linux Overview • Acquiring Linux for the Desktop • Ubuntu • Download includes a LiveCD distribution • Complete software bundle • OpenOffice • Firefox • Up to 700 MB download

  11. Step-by-Step 8.01 Linux Overview Downloading Linux and Creating a LiveCD

  12. Installing Linux • Preparing for Linux Installation • Keep Your Linux Installation Simple • Prepare a Password • Hardware Requirements • Clean Installation versus Dual Booting • Booting into the Linux Installation Program

  13. Table 8-1 Ubuntu Linux Minimum Requirements versus Recommended System Configuration

  14. Installing Linux • Performing the Installation • Boot into Linux installation • Guides you through process • Ubuntu GUI installation include online help

  15. Step-by-Step 8.02 Installing Linux Installing Linux

  16. Linux Basics • Logging in to Linux • Linux requires authentication of each user • Command-line login at login prompt • Name of computer, followed by a space and the word login, followed by a colon and a blinking cursor • Enter user name • Prompt asks for password • Type password • After successful login, last login information displays, followed by the standard command-line prompt

  17. Figure 8-1 The Login prompt

  18. Figure 8-2 The $ prompt shows user name, computer name, and current directory

  19. Linux Basics • Logging in to Linux • The Linux CLI prompt • Your user name and the computer name (hostname) separated by an @ sign followed by your user name again • Contained within square brackets followed by a $ sign • The $ prompt • Root account has a # sign at end of prompt

  20. Linux Basics • Logging in to Linux • Log out • Type Exit or • Press Ctrl-D

  21. Linux Basics • Shutting Down Linux • Only root can shut down Linux from CLI • Type shutdown -h now • Type shutdown -r now • Learn more: type man shutdown • Ordinary user can shutdown in Linux GUI • Select Log Out | Shutdown • Root can disable this feature in the GUI

  22. Linux Basics • The Ubuntu GNOME Terminal Window • Terminal window equivalent to a Windows Command Prompt window • Open from the GNOME Applications menu

  23. Figure 8-3 A GNOME terminal window

  24. Linux Basics • Working with Linux Commands • The Command Line Interface Shell • BASH, an acronym for Bourne Again Shell • Shell commands

  25. Linux Basics • Working with Linux Commands • The Command Line Interface Shell (cont.) • The Command Syntax • The first string of characters is the command • A space follows the command • Options follow • In general the syntax is: command –switch parameter • Example: ls –a /etc

  26. Figure 8-4 Entering this command in all caps resulted in an error message

  27. Figure 8-5 Entering the previous command in lowercase resulted in running the correct command, showing the user manual entry for the ls command

  28. Linux Basics • Working with Linux Commands • The Command Line Interface Shell (cont.) • Command Line History • Linux saves shell commands entered during a session • Scroll through the commands at the $ prompt • Move within a command to edit it • Press Enter to run a command • Command history saved a file called bash_history

  29. Linux Basics • Working with Linux Commands • The Command Line Interface Shell (cont.) • Command Completion • A feature that completes a command line • Enter portion of a command and press the Tab key • Linux will try to guess the remaining portion

  30. Linux Basics • Working with Linux Commands • The Command Line Interface Shell (cont.) • The Help Manual • Online manual accessed with man command • Syntax: mancommand • Enter man man to see documentation for the man command • Page Down and Page Up to scroll one screen at a time • Up Arrow and Down Arrow to scroll one line at a time

  31. Figure 8-6 The manual command documentation

  32. The date and cal commands

  33. Linux Basics • Working with Linux Commands • The Command Line Interface Shell (cont.) • Use of Spaces • Separate each part of a command line entry with a space • Example that won’t work • shutdown-h now • shutdown -hnow

  34. Figure 8-7 Example of a BASH error for an unrecognized command

  35. Figure 8-8 An unrecognized command in a GNOME terminal window

  36. Linux Basics • Working with Linux Commands • The Command Line Interface Shell (cont.) • Paths • No drive letter • Path begins with a forward slash (/) which also separates directories • Drives and other devices are given names, such as /dev/sda0 (the first hard drive on a SCSI interface) or /dev/hda1 (the first hard drive on an IDE interface)

  37. Linux Basics • Working with Linux Commands • The Command Line Interface Shell (cont.) • Linux Feedback • Similar to DOS and Windows shell commands • Cryptic feedback • Success of a command not usually reported • Only errors • Output minimal and controlled by options • Example: ls -l

  38. Figure 8-9 Linux error messages are not very helpful

  39. Figure 8-10 Output from the ls and ls –l commands

  40. Securing a Linux Desktop • Using the Root Account • Create a strong password • Root is also called superuser in some Linux references

  41. Figure 8-22 After logging on as the root the # prompt displays

  42. Securing a Linux Desktop • Performing Administrative Tasks at the Command Shell or Terminal Window • While logged on as an ordinary user, enter su root • This substitutes the root user temporarily • Only change to prompt is the ending #

  43. Securing a Linux Desktop • Performing Administrative Tasks at the Command Shell or Terminal Window (cont.) • Ubuntu includes sudo • Logged on user borrows root privileges • Works like a Windows standard account with UAC enabled • Example: sudo pico • User enters their own password • Command completes • gksudo is GNOME version of sudo

  44. The sudo command prompts for a password before executing a command

  45. Figure 8-23 The gksudo command prompts you for the password of the current user—not the root account

  46. Securing a Linux Desktop • Performing Administrative Tasks at the Command Shell or Terminal Window (cont.) • Performing Administrative Tasks in a GUI • While logged on as an ordinary user, enter a command that requires root • A dialog box will prompt for your password

  47. 8-24 Supply your password to perform an administrative task

  48. Securing a Linux Desktop • Managing Users • Several users can use one computer • Each user must have a unique account • Creates a home directory for each user • Users can further protect home directory with permissions

  49. Table 8-6 Shell Commands for User Management

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