Warm Up:

1. Warm Up: Prepare for Chapter 13 Quiz

2. Chapter 14 Section 1 The War in Africa & Europe

3. The Battle of the Atlantic U- boat attacks • German U-boats (submarines) attacked supply ships bound for Great Britain • Attacked in groups known as wolf packs • Hunted at night • American and British vessels sailed without protection • Easy targets

4. The Battle of the Atlantic Convoy System • American shipyards produced at amazing rates • Navy was able to provide convoys to protect supply ships - Reduced effectiveness of U-boats • Allied aircraft protected & provided cover • Allies cracked the German code system in 1941 - Enigma machine - Gained information about locations of U-boat formations • By end of war, 70% of Germans who served on submarines were dead

5. Convoy System

6. Convoy System

7. The war in the Soviet Union • Hitler broke non-aggression pact with Stalin in 1941 • German forces stormed across the U.S.S.R. - Blitzkrieg • Germans advance deep in Russia - Outskirts of Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad • German forces were slowed by the Russian winter

9. The Battle of Stalingrad • The turning point of the war in the Soviet Union was the battle of Stalingrad - February of 1943. • The Germans repeatedly failed to capture the city. • 250,000 German soldiers surrender • After German defeat at Stalingrad, the Soviets slowly pushed the German army out of the Soviet Union.

10. Watch: Enemy at the Gates

11. War in North Africa • The British needed to control the Mediterranean to maintain oil supplies from the Middle East • Italian and German forces fought the British over control of North Africa • Pushed British out of Libya & into Egypt - Led by General Erwin Rommel • The British defeated the Germans at the Battle of El Alamein (Nov. 1942) • Turning point of the war in North Africa

12. Operation Torch • American invasion of N. Africa - Led by Dwight d. Eisenhower • Allies invaded Morocco & Algeria in Nov. 1942 • Defeated Rommel & Germans by May 1943 • 20,000 U.S. casualties

13. Allied Invasion of Italy • From N. Africa, Allied troops invaded Sicily (7/1943) • Italians overthrew Mussolini, Italians surrendered (9/1943) • German forces continued to fight • Allies invaded Italian mainland at Anzio - 25-30,000 Allied casualties • Allied troops captured Rome (June 4, 1944) • 300,000 Allied casualties in Italian campaign

14. Fate of Mussolini

15. D-Day: The Invasion of France • Operation Overlord – massive invasion of France • Led by American General Omar Bradley and British General Bernard Montgomery D-Day- June 6, 1944 • Allied soldiers landed on the beaches of Normandy in Northern France - Involved land, sea and air Forces • faced heavy German resistance • 10,000 Allied casualties

20. Watch: Saving Private Ryan

21. D-Day: The Invasion of France • Invasion was successful - Allies gained a beachhead • By July, 1 million Allied soldiers were in France • 180,000 vehicles • Allies captured Paris by August 1944

22. Battle of the Bulge • Last major German offensive against the Allies • Dec. 6,1944 • German advance created a bulge in the Allied lines • Victory at Bastogne haled German offensive - General George S. Patton

23. Warm Up: • What were the major turning points of WWII in Europe and Africa?

24. Chapter 14 Section 2

25. Anti-Semitism • Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews

26. Hitler’s Views • Told Germans that they came from a superior race – the Aryans • Used the Jews as a scapegoat – someone to blame for Germany’s woes after World War I

27. History of Jews in Germany • Jews lived in Germany for 1,600 years. • Hostility toward Jews existed since the Middle Ages. • Anti-Jewish Nazi laws mirrored medieval efforts to humiliate Jews. • Anti-Semitism changed from prejudice based on religion to hatred based on ancestry.

28. Nazi Anti-Semitism Hitler in Power • Began campaign against Jews soon after becoming chancellor • Established a series of anti-Semitic laws intended to drive Jews from Germany • Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship and took away most civil and economic rights. • Laws defined who was a Jew.

29. Nazi Anti-Semitism Attacks on Jews • Many Germans supported Hitler’s anti-Semitic ideas. • Discrimination and violent attacks against Jews continued. • Anti-Jewish riots broke out in an attack called Kristallnacht.

30. Nazi Anti-Semitism Fleeing Germany • Over 100,000 managed to leave Germany after Kristallnacht. • Others found it difficult to leave the country as Nazi laws had left many without money or property. • Many countries were unwilling to take in poor immigrants. • The United States limited the number of Germans immigrants.

31. The Nazi Government’s Final Solution • World War II brought many of Europe’s 9 million Jews under the control of the Nazi SS. • Concentration camps were built in Germany and in other countries that the Germans occupied. • The camps were prisons for Jews and others considered enemies of Hitler’s regime. • Conditions in the camps were horrific. • The Nazis also established ghettos to control and punish Jews. • Ghettos are neighborhoods in a city to which a group of people are confined. • Life in the Jewish ghettos was desperate. • The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland. • In 1941 Hitler called for the total destruction of all of Europe’s Jews. • At first mobile killing units—Einsatzgruppen—massacred Jews. • Then, Nazi officials adopted a plan known as the Final Solution.

32. Camps • Prisons for Jews, prisoners-of-war, and enemies of the Nazi regime • Inmates received little food and were forced to labor. • The combination of overwork and starvation was intended to kill. • Punishment for minor offenses was swift, sure, and deadly.

33. Ghettos • Walls or fences kept the Jews inside and those trying to leave were shot. • Food was scarce; starvation was rampant. • Diseases spread rapidly. • The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland. • Some Jews in the Warsaw ghetto—the Jewish Fighting Organization—fought back.

34. The Final Solution • Genocide– the killing of an entire people • Involved building 6 new extermination camps for Jews • Inmates were exposed to poison gas in specially built chambers. • 3 million Jews died in extermination camps. • 3 million Jews and 5 million others were killed by the Nazi using other means.

35. The American response to the Holocaust • Despite knowing about Hitler’s policies toward the Jews and events such as Kristallnacht, American immigration limited the number of Jews who could move to the United States. • In 1942, Americans officials began to hear about what was happening to the Jews in Europe and specifically about Hitler’s Final Solution. • The Americans were doubtful at first and thought the reports might just be war rumors. • Finally in 1944, Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board. • Through this board, the United States was able to help 200,000 Jews.