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http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/vo26x/texas_gop_we_oppose_the_teaching_of_higher_order/

Texas GOP: "We oppose the teaching of higher order thinking skills, critical thinking skills and similar programs...[which] have the purpose of challenging the student’s fixed beliefs and undermining parental authority.".

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http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/vo26x/texas_gop_we_oppose_the_teaching_of_higher_order/

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  1. Texas GOP: "We oppose the teaching of higher order thinking skills, critical thinking skills and similar programs...[which] have the purpose of challenging the student’s fixed beliefs and undermining parental authority." http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/vo26x/texas_gop_we_oppose_the_teaching_of_higher_order/

  2. ToK - Truth What does it mean tosay something is true?

  3. Truth: • A verified or indisputable fact; • Conforming with facts or reality

  4. ToK - Truth Dogma:an official system of principlesproclaimed as unquestionablytrue by a particular group

  5. ToK - Truth How ‘truthful’ is this?

  6. ToK - Truth Does truth matter?

  7. ToK - Truth To say something “is true” is much less problematic than to say itis “the truth” Why?

  8. Theory of Knowledge Diagram Mathematics Ways of Knowing Natural Sciences Sense Perception Ethics Knower(s) Reason Emotion Human Sciences Language Areas of Knowledge Arts History • What is ‘truth’ in the different Areas of Knowledge?

  9. ToK - Truth How many legs does a dog have if you call the tail a leg? Four: calling a tail a leg doesn’t make it a leg

  10. ToK - Truth “The truth, of course, is that a billion falsehoods told a billion times by a billion people are still false.” Travis Walton “A thing is not necessarily true because a man dies for it.”  Oscar Wilde

  11. ToK - Truth

  12. ToK - Truth There areseveral theories of what is meant by, “x” is true....

  13. ToK - Truth 1. Coherence Theory:(Sitting and thinking;logical truths)

  14. ToK - Truth According to this view, a proposition is true if it is consistentwith all the other propositions we hold. For example?

  15. ToK - Truth If the pieces fit together they are coherent - like the pieces of a Jigsaw Puzzle

  16. ToK - Truth When the pieces of an argument do not fit together they are incoherent – and we do not accept the argument as true.

  17. ToK - Truth Coherent - but...... Examples?

  18. ToK - Truth 2. Correspondence Theory:(Going and looking;observational truths)

  19. ToK - Truth “A true proposition must correspond to ormatcha state of affairs in the world.”

  20. ToK - Truth Directions - True Distances - True Shapes - True Areas - True It corresponds to the real world - it is true and accurate

  21. ToK - Truth Mercator’s Projection Easier to use but how well does it correspond to reality? For example?

  22. ToK - Truth A Cubist approach to truth … To know what is true we need to look at many different perspectives and try to combine them in a coherentway that correspondsto reality

  23. ToK - Truth “Truth is what stands the test of time” Einstein “There's a world of difference between truth and facts. Facts can obscure truth.”  Maya Angelou “Unthinking respect for authority is the greatest enemy of truth.” Einstein

  24. Other ‘truth tests’ Authority Consensus Pragmatic …and there are more http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_of_truth http://www.brentcunningham.org/?p=584

  25. ToK - Truth There are also those who are, to a greater or lesser degree, doubtful of our ability to attain the truth, and therefore of the possibility of any knowledge: this kind of critical outlook is called ‘Scepticism‘.

  26. ToK - Truth Relativism- argues that there is (or, we can have) nothing other than our different outlooks

  27. ToK - Truth • Examples of beliefs that are..... • 1. true and useful? • 2. true but not useful? • 3. not useful and not true?

  28. ToK - Truth

  29. Perception How far can our senses be trusted to give us the truth? Maths Are math truths universal and timeless Language Does language hide the truth more than it reveals it? ToK – Truth (02) Ethics Is truth more important than happiness? Natural Sciences Is the scientific method the best way of finding the truth? Truth Arts What relation, if any, is there between beauty and truth? Human Sciences Do human beings have any privileged access to truth? History Does the history of ideas suggest we are getting closer to the truth?

  30. ToK - Truth ExtrasOther theories and approaches:

  31. ToK - Truth Instead of trying to give and use a definition of absolute or universal truth, we can only study how the concept of truth has been and is being used in particular societies.Foucault

  32. ToK - Truth “Keep the company of those who seek the truth, and run away from those who have found it” Havel

  33. ToK - Truth • Does the word truthmean the same thing in each of these cases: • It is thetruththat a triangle has 3 sides. • ‘There is ice at the North Pole’ is the truth. • There is real truthin that painting. • Ain’t that thetruth! • This scripture is God’struth.

  34. Some key points: • Correspondence Theory says that a statement is true if it corresponds to a fact; but it is not clear in what sense facts exist, and the language in which we describe things will always fall short of reality • Coherence Theory says that a proposition is true if it fits in with our overall set of beliefs; but a set of beliefs can be coherent yet untrue • Pragmatic Theory says that a proposition is true if it is useful or works in practice; but a proposition can be true but not useful, and useful but not true • We cannot dispense with the idea of truth, and it could be argued that the more perspectives we have on something the closer we get to the truth about it • Although it is generally considered good to seek the truth, it does not always make us happy. The growth of modern technology in particular, may make us wonder whether the costs sometimes outweigh the benefits • Beyond knowledge lies wisdom, which might be said to consist of: good judgement, breadth of vision, self-knowledge, responsibility and intellectual humility ToK – Truth (02)

  35. ToK - Truth iii. Pragmatic(Does it work? Is it useful?;practical truths)

  36. ToK - Truth “The meaning of an idea is to be found in an examination of the consequences to which it would lead” (C. S. Peirce)

  37. ToK - Truth A proposition is true if it works or is useful in practice

  38. ToK - Truth Thus pragmatists hold that truthis not absolute, but modified as discoveries are made, and that it is therefore relative to the time, place and purpose of inquiry.

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