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WELCOME Introduction to basic ideas of composites in fire

WELCOME Introduction to basic ideas of composites in fire. The response of the material, especially in the early stages of a fire, and its interactions with the environment.    Can be further subdivided into: progress of the fire human survivability.

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WELCOME Introduction to basic ideas of composites in fire

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  1. WELCOME Introduction to basic ideas of composites in fire

  2. The response of the material, especially in the early stages of a fire, and its interactions with the environment.    Can be further subdivided into: progress of the fire human survivability.    These can be regarded as characteristics of the material and can, quite often be determined from relatively small samples. Many properties (for instance, time to ignition and surface spread of flame) are influenced by the material at the surface of the product. The overall composition contributes to average heat release. FIRE REACTION

  3. the ability of the structure to retain functionality during a fire, the ability of a physical barrier such as a wall, bulkhead or protective coating to limit heat flux and prevent damage to material remote from the fire FIRE RESISTANCE

  4. FIRE REACTION Start-up and progress of fire Oxygen index Combustibility Time-to-ignition Surface spread of flame Peak heat release Average heat release Single burning item test Smoke generation Toxicity index Human survivability Pool fire tests Burner tests Furnace tests Jet-fire tests FIRE RESISTANCE Properties and tests

  5. Fuel Oxygen Heat source Polymeric matrices are flammableFire requires:

  6. Fuel Combustion occurs mainly in the gaseous phase Heat Combustion products O2 Flame Smoke

  7. Heat Combustion products O2 Smoke Fuel Combustion requires: • gaseous fuel • diffusion

  8. Polymer combustion SolidPolymer Heat+Combustion products O2 Heat Volatiles+Char

  9. Polymer combustion SolidPolymer Heat+Combustion products O2 Heat Volatiles+Char Effect of char formation?

  10. Char formation Phenolic resin (or resin with high aromatic content) Char CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

  11. Polymer combustion SolidPolymer Heat+Combustion products O2 Suppresscombustion? Heat Volatiles+Char

  12. Halogenated systems ADVANTAGE: Considerable reduction in ignitability and surface spread of flame DISADVANTAGE: Only of real use when the polymer itself is the main fuel source. When there is another fuel source, the polymer will burn. Halogens produce increased smoke and toxicity when the polymer does burn. NEVERTHELESS: Halogenated resins are still the mainstay of the industry

  13. Polymer combustion SolidPolymer Heat+Combustion products Prevent heat from getting to polymer? O2 Heat Volatiles+Char

  14. Preventing heat from reaching polymer Thermal insulation (OK if its refractory, i.e. rockwool, kaowool, Structogard etc.) Thick laminate effect Surface intumescents (thick or thin films) Surface engineering - intumescent veils, layers Internal intumescents ATH

  15. Laminate with decomposing resin Undamaged laminate Volatiles Behaviour of laminates: the thickness effect In some circumstances the composite itself can protect from fire

  16. In conclusion, this brief introduction summarises the various avenues that are currently open to protect composite structures from fire, and to optimise their fire reaction properties.

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