Sports Biomechanics

1. Sports Biomechanics

2. Biomechanics in Sports One of the ergogenic aids in sports

3. Role of biomechanics in sports • understanding sporting performance • examine internal and external forces acting on the body and the effects • examine sports equipment, sporting surface etc. • understanding causes of injury

4. What’s the information for? • Improve sport performance / technique • Prevention of sport injuries • Design of sport equipment • Clinical analysis of movement pathologies • Design of prosthesis

5. Spectrum of sports biomechanics Biomechanics Kinetics Kinematics Electromyography Static . Force . Torque . Position .Velocity . Acceleration . Muscle recruitment . Timing . Firing rate

6. Effects of kinematics in sports Better understanding of human movement during sports Optimal body positions and actions for efficient, effective motion - Reach desired outcome of individual sport - Injury prevention

7. Kinematics analysis • Visual • Goniometer • Photo • video

8. Kinematics studies in sports • Muybridge & Marey (1830-1904) Adapted from Biolocomotion: a century of research using moving pictures

9. Now

10. Kinematics studies in sports Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the Recreational Sport Runner (Pink et al. 1994)

11. Model of systematic computerized kinematic analysis • identify major movement • identify essential component and the desired outcome • capturing of movement • joint angles of interested are defined and plotted as a function of time • angular velocity and acceleration profile can be calculated

12. Kinematics analysis in sports • nature of the activities – high resolution camera is required • measurements during competition – interference caused by sunlight

13. Kinetics is the measurement of forces and torque that cause or against the motion

14. What for ? provide information about how the movement is produced or how a position maintained

15. Kinetics in Sports

16. Force-plate • Quantified via the deformation of transducer elements

17. Measurement of the three orthogonal components of the net force, and the three components of the net moments (adapted from Crossley et al. 1998)

18. Ground reaction force (GRF) during landing from a jump(adapted from Dufek 1991)

19. Manipulations to minimize PGRF • Surface • Shoe • Techniques

20. Manipulations to minimize PGRF • technique • The pattern of footfall and the magnitudes of the peak force were studied by Valiant and Cavanagh in 1985 in ten basketball players. Eight subjects landed with a toe-heel pattern, and two with flatfoot. The peak force from toe-heel landing was 4.1 BW, and flatfoot was 6.0BW.

21. Frictional force • determines the relative ease or difficulty of motion of 2 objects in contact • F= R

22. Manipulation of frictional force • to increase frictional force when stability is needed • grip on the handle of the racquets • to decrease frictional force when smoothness of movement is required • dance studio waxed with Rosin

23. Static studies - stability • Stability is the resistance to disruption of equilibrium

24. Stability in Sports • Does injury affects stability? • What types of external support is able to improve stability?

25. Electromyography • Electromyography is the analysis of muscle function via the measurement of the electrical activity of muscles using surface electrodes or indwelling electrodes.

26. EMG in Sports • Its role is to • identify the muscles that are active and inactive • The timing or sequencing of the active muscles in different postures and movements, in healthy and injured athletes

27. Spectrum of sports biomechanics Biomechanics Kinetics Kinematics Electromyography Static . Force . Torque . Position .Velocity . Acceleration . Muscle recruitment . Timing . Firing rate

28. So what? • Knows the sports • Knows the athletes • Knows the environments

29. Interventions for the desired outcomes/injury prevention • Conditioning • Technique • Playing surface • Sports equipment • Protective equipment • Rehabilitation