Chapter 28 – Civil Rights Movement

1. Chapter 28 – Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights Rights for Other Americans

2. Battling School Segregation • 1896 Plessyv. Ferguson • Separate but equal • However, schools for black children typically received far less funding • NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Focused on ending segregation in America’s public schools

3. Brown v Board of Education • Thurgood Marshall & Jack Greenberg • NAACP attorneys • Brown • 7 year old African American named Linda Brown • Topeka, Kansas • Lived near a school for white children • Had to travel across town to a school for black children • Sued to attend school closer to home • Ended segregation in schools

4. Little Rock Nine • Integration of one high school in Little Rock, AR • Allowed 9 outstanding black students to attend • Governor didn’t agree with desegregation • Used National Guard to block the Little Rock Nine from attending • 9/4/57 • 8 of 9 turned away by National Guard • 9th came later, harassed. • “Lynch her! Lynch her!”

5. Little Rock Nine • Governor refused to let them in, until President Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort students in • 8 of 9 graduated • No one clapped for them at graduation ceremony

6. Montgomery Bus Boycott • NAACP moved efforts to Montgomery, AL • Black passengers required to sit in back of city buses • If white-only section was filled, black passengers forced to give up seat • December 1, 1955 – Rosa Parks • NAACP worker • Sat in the black passenger section • Forced to give up seat after white section filled

7. Rosa Parks • Refused – Jailed • Montgomery Bus Boycott • Thousands of African Americans stopped riding the buses • Bus ridership fell 70% (some white passengers boycotted as well)

8. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Young (26) Baptist minister • Powerful speaker • Kings home bombed, hate mail, threats • November 1956 • Segregation on public transportation ILLEGAL • Helped make MLK Jr a nationally known civil rights leader. • Formed SCLP – Southern Christian Leadership Conference

9. Other forms of Protest • Sit Ins • Demonstration in which protestors sit down and refuse to leave • Inspired by MLK Jr, advocate for nonviolent action • 1960 - SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Trained protesters and organized civil rights demonstrations

10. Kennedy Elected • John F Kennedy • Elected in 1960 as the youngest person ever to be elected president of US • New Frontier (Write 3 things) • Higher minimum wage • Tax cuts to help stimulate economic growth • New spending on the military & space program • New programs to help poor and unemployed Americans • Greater financial to help public schools • Support for civil rights

11. Freedom Rides • CORE • Congress of Racial Equality • Put pressure on President Kennedy to enforce the illegalization of segregation on buses. • Freedom Rides • Black and white bus riders traveled together to segregated bus stations in the South • White riders would use black only facilities • Black riders would use white only facilities • Some were attacked • Led to the Interstate Commerce Commission • Enforced strict bans on segregation in interstate bus terminals

12. King in Birmingham • MLK Jr. arrested and jailed for marches organized in Birmingham, AL • King released from prison and organized more marches • May 1963 • 2,500 demonstrators marched through downtown Birmingham • Officers ordered to release attack dogs • Televised images shocked Americans

13. March on Washington • June 1963 – President Kennedy announced support for a sweeping civil rights bill to end racial discrimination completely • March On Washington • Massive demonstration for civil rights • “I have a dream” speech

14. Johnson Becomes President • November 22, 1963 • Kennedy assassinated • VP Lyndon B. Johnson quickly sworn in as president • Lee Harvey Oswald – arrested as alleged assassin • President Johnson vowed to continue Kennedy’s word, including civil rights bill

15. Civil Rights Laws • July 2, 1964 • President Johnson signed Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Banned segregation in public places • Outlawed discrimination in the workplace and on the basis of color, gender, religion, or national origin • Equal Voting Rights • Members of the Ku Klux Klan murdered 3 civil rights workers • Influenced many people to support voter registration efforts

16. Voting • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Gave the federal government new powers to protect African Americans’ voting rights • Within three years, more than half of all qualified African Americans in the South registered to vote

17. Great Society • President Johnson won election of 1964 by a huge margin • Program of domestic reforms included: • Medicare and Medicaid • Helped senior citizens and low-income citizens afford health care • Education • Gave local schools more than $1 billion to help students with special needs • Department of Housing and Urban Development • Help low-income families get better housing

18. Changes in Civil Rights Movement • Many young civil rights activists found the pace of change too slow • Stokely Carmichael • Founder of Black Power movement • Called for African American independence • Believed that blacks should reject integration, focusing instead on controlling their own communities

19. Malcolm X • Helped inspire the Black Power movement • Leader of the Nation of Islam • Organization that combined ideas about African American independence with teachings of Islam • Argued that African Americans should work for social and political independence • Believed that African Americans had the right to defend themselves, using violence if necessary • 1965 – Broke with the nation of Islam • Killed by 3 of its members

20. Riots in the Streets • People frustrated with the slow progression • April 1968 • MLK Jr. shot and killed in Memphis, TN • People took to the streets to riot in more than 100 cities • Most visible leader was lost

21. Rights for Other Americans • Hispanic Americans • Cesar Chavez • Formed the United Farm Workers • Committed to the goal of better pay and working conditions for migrant farm workers – those who move seasonally from farm to farm for work • Advocate for non violent protests

22. Women’s Rights • Women had less job opportunities and paid less • Congress passed Equal Pay Act • Required many employers to pay men and women equal salaries for the same work • Betty Friedan • Helped found National Organization for Women • Fought for equal educational and career opportunities • Shirley Chisholm • First African American woman elected to US congress • Equal Rights Amendment • Outlaw all discrimination based on gender

23. Native Americans • American Indian Movement • 1968 - Fought for Native Americans’ rights • Congress began passing laws granting Native Americans greater self-government on tribal lands • Disability Rights Movement • Disabled in Action • Made people aware of challenges facing people with disabilities • Rehabilitation Act of 1973 • Banned federal agencies from discriminating against people with disabilities • Education Act of Handicapped Children Act of 1975 • Required public schools to provide quality education to children with disabilities