Tonga Institute of Higher Education

1. Tonga Institute of Higher Education Lecture 4 Hardware 1 Computer Systems, End User and Enterprise Computing. IT 245 Management Information Systems

2. Project • Find an organization that will be possible to use in your project • Definitely not a virtual organization • If Letters required then let me know • Stage 1 – Feasibility Study • A preliminary study that investigates the information needs of end users and the objectives, constraints, basic resourcerequirements, cost/benefits and feasibility of proposed projects. • There are more to come.. So start now!!! .

3. Computer Systems • All computers are system of input, processing, output, storage and control components.

4. Class Exercise • Do the Hardware Case 1 • BTG, NEC Electronics, and Biogen: The Business Case for Server Computer Farms

5. Computer Generations • First Generations – early 1950’s • Second Generations – late 1960’s • Third Generations – 1970’s • Fourth Generations – 1980’s and 1990’s • Fifth Generations – early 21st century. • Discuss the differences in these generations!!!.

6. Computer Categories • Midrange Computer Systems • Mainframe Computer Systems • Supercomputer Systems • Microcomputers

7. Computer System Categories

8. Trends in Computer Systems Major trends in computer system capabilities

9. Microcomputer System • Most important category of computer system • Usually called PC’s • Is as a window to the Internet • Are now communication devices and consumers want them to be as cheap as possible. • Has become powerful network professional workstations for business professional

10. Microcomputer System • Desktop are design to fit on an office desk • Laptop for those who want a small portable PC • Some are powerful workstation computers (technical workstations) that support applications with heavy mathematical computing and graphics display demands such as CAD • Can be used as a Network Server

11. Network Computers (NC’s) • emerging as a serious business computing platform. • Known as thin clients as compared to traditional fat clients full-featured PC’s • Somewhere in between are stripped-down PC’s known as NetPCs or legacy-free PC’s

12. Network Computer • Operating System, application software, and data storage are provided by internet, intranet and extranet server. • Uses a web browser and can process Java-enabled software applications called applets • Managed remotely and centrally by network servers • Generally has no hard disk drive

13. NetPC (Legacy-free PC) • Works like a PC, with its own software • Has a hard drive, but may have no floppy drive or CD-ROM • Box may have no expansion slots or serial or parallel ports • OS and applications are managed centrally by network servers.

14. Network terminal • An inexpensive terminal-like device without its own disk storage • Depends on the servers in a network for most of its processing power • Multi-user version of Windows, Linux or Unix as the server operating system. • Microsoft Office or Sun Office like multi-user software on the Internet or intranet web server.

15. Information Appliances • PC’s aren’t the only options – A host of smart gadgets and information appliance from cellular phones and pagers to handheld PC’s and web-based game machines promise Internet access and the ability to perform basic computational chores. • Hand-held microcomputer devices known as personal digital assistants (PDAs) most popular devices in the information appliance category.

16. Computer Terminals • Major conversion to network computer devices – Dumb Terminals which are keyboard/video monitor devices with limited processing capabilities. • Replaced by intelligent terminals – which are modified network PCs , network computers or other thin clients

17. Computer Terminals • Include network terminals which may be windows terminal, that are dependent on network servers for windows software, processing power and storage or Internet terminal – which depend on Internet or intranet website servers for their operating systems and application software.

18. Computer Terminals • Intelligent terminals take many forms and can perform data entry and some information processing tasks independently- This includes the widespread use of transaction terminals in banks, retail stores, factories and other work sites. • Eg • ATM Automatic Teller Machine • POS Point of Sale terminal

19. Thinking Questions • 1 Discuss the advantage of using a Microcomputers • 2 Discuss the disadvantages of using a microcomputers

20. Homework Questions? • 1. Why a company will use a Mainframe as a server for Electronic Commerce? • 2. Give examples of a Companies or Organizations that use Midrange Computer Systems. • 3. Give examples of a Companies or Organizations that use Supercomputer Systems.

21. Review • Computer Systems • Computer Generations • Computer System Categories • Trends in Computer Systems • Microcomputer Systems • Network Computers (NC’s) • NetPC (Legacy-free PC) • Information Appliances • Computer Terminals

22. Hardware 2 Computer Peripherals and Storage Technologies.

23. Peripherals • Peripheral Devices • Any unit of equipment, distinct from the central processing unit, that provides the system with input, output or storage capabilities

24. Peripheral Devices • Can make all the differences in your computing experience • Eg • Top quality monitor – easier on eyes • scanner – closer to the ever-elusive goal – the paperless office • Back up – offer security against data losting • CD-ROM • Memory Cards • 3-D Graphics • And others will help you configure your computer to meet your needs

25. Real World Case • Do Hardware Case 2 – Longs Drugs and Textron: Desktop Versus Network Computing.

26. Peripherals • Desktop • Online – all peripherals are separate from but can be electronically connected to and controlled by CPU • Offline – opposite of Online

27. Input Technologies • There has been a major trend toward the increase in use of input technologies that provide more natural user interface. • These devices work well with your OS’s GUI • Identify different types of Input Devices • Keyboard – most widely used input devices • Pointing devices –better alternative for issuing commands , or making choice and respond to prompts displayed on your video screen.

28. Peripherals Checklist • Monitor – Bigger is better for computer screens • Printer – Laser printers – better for high volume business use, color inkjet printers – provide high – quality images and are well – suited for reproducing photographs • Scanner – Sheet fed scanner or flatbed model. • Hard Disk - Bigger is better • CD-ROM and DVD Drives – become a necessity fro software installation and multimedia applications – consider high speed variable speed model • Backup Systems – Don’t compute without them.

29. Mouse • Electronic mouse • Trackball • Pointing stick also called track-point • Touchpad • Touch Screens

30. Pen-based computing • PDAs – personal digital assistants – contain processors and software that recognize digitizes handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing. • Other pen like devices are also available • Digitizer pen • Graphic tablet

31. Speed Recognition • Promises to be the easiest method for data entry, word processing and conversational computing • Discrete speed recognition – pause between each spoken word • Continuous speed recognition – recognizes continuous, conversationally paced speed. • Speaker independent – voice recognition system allow a computer to understand a few words from a voice it has never heard before • Voice messaging computers – uses voice recognition and voice response software to verbally guide an end user through the steps of a task in many kinds of activities.

32. Optical Scanning • Read text and graphic and convert them into digital input for computers • Get document into your computer with a minimum of time and hassle transforming just about anything on paper into digital format. • OCR • Bar Coding

33. Other Input Technologies • Magnetic Stripe – form of data entry that helps computers to read credit cards – iron oxide coating of the magnetic stripe can hold about 200 bytes of information. (Account # etc. • MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) –sort and post checks to the proper checking accounts • Smart Cards • Digital Cameras

34. Output Technologies • Video Output (monitor) – most important • Use CRT (cathode ray tube) • LCD (liquid crystal display) – Advances in technology such as active matrix and dual scan capabilities have improved the color and clarity of LCD’s display

35. Computer Storage • Binary representation • Bit • byte • Kilobyte KB • Megabyte MB • Gigabyte GB • Terabyte TB • Petabyte

36. Storage Media Cost

37. Direct and Sequential Access • Direct Access • Random Access Memory RAM • Primary storage media such as semiconductor memory chips • DASDs Direct Access Storage Devices • Sequential Access • Does not have unique storage address • Data must be stored and retrieved using a sequential or serial process. • Data are recorded one after another in a predetermined sequence.

39. Semiconductor Memory • Primary storage (main memory) • RAM - Volatile • ROM- non Volatile

40. Magnetic Disk Storage • Most common form of secondary storage • Provide fast access and high storage capacities at a reasonable cost. • Contain metal disks that are coated on both sides with an iron oxide recording material

41. Type of Magnetic Disks • Floppy Disk • Hard Disk Drives

42. Raid Storage • RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks) • Combine from 6 – 100 small hard disk drives and their control microprocessors into a single unit • Provide large capabilities with high access speeds

43. Magnetic Tape Storage • Still used as a secondary storage medium in business applications • Include tape and cartridges in mainframe and midrange systems

44. Optical Disk Storage • CD Disks • Store more than 600 MB • CD-R compact disk recordable • CD-RW compact disk rewritable • DVD digital video disk or digital versatile disk • DVD hold 3.0 – 8.5 GB • DVD-ROM begin to replace magnetic tape video cassettes fro movies and other multimedia products. • DVD-RAM being used for backup and archival storage of large data and multimedia files

45. Review • Peripherals & Peripheral Devices • Input Technologies • Mouse, Pen-based computing, Speed Recognition, Optical Scanning and Other Input Technologies • Output Technologies • Computer Storage • Direct and Sequential Access • Semiconductor Memory • Magnetic Disk Storage • Raid Storage • Magnetic Tape Storage • Optical Disk Storage