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Cancer?

Cancer?. National Cancer Institute Artwork J Kelly 2004. Learning Objectives To gain a greater understanding of cancer To be aware of some of the common cancers To have a greater understanding of the diagnostic process. Incidence of Cancer (2009). Top 10 Cancers in Males.

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Cancer?

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  1. Cancer? National Cancer Institute Artwork J Kelly 2004

  2. Learning Objectives • To gain a greater understanding of cancer • To be aware of some of the common cancers • To have a greater understanding of the diagnostic process

  3. Incidence of Cancer (2009)

  4. Top 10 Cancers in Males

  5. Cancer Top 10 in males

  6. Top 10 cancers in Females

  7. Cancer top 10 in Females

  8. What is cancer?What does it mean to you?

  9. In groups label your diagram with as many cancers as you can think of

  10. Different types of cancer Head and Neck (ENT, Brain) Leukaemia (blood) Lymphoma Myeloma (skeleton) Soft tissue sarcoma (fat & muscle) Bone sarcoma Skin (melanoma) Breast Lung Colorectal bladder Prostate Gynae (cervix,vulva)

  11. Cancer Prefixes & Location Prefix Meaning adeno- gland chondro- cartilage erythro- red blood cell hemangio- blood vessels hepato- liver lipo- fat lympho- lymphocyte melano- pigment cell myelo- bone marrow myo- muscle osteo- bone

  12. Formation of cancer cells Normal Cell division Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage—no repair Cancer cell division C A NCER First mutation Second mutation Third mutation Fourth orlater mutation Uncontrolled growth Uncontrolled growth

  13. Tumour invasion and metastasis 1 Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels 2 Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites 3 Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location (metastasis)

  14. Malignant versus Benign Tumors Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

  15. Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous Brain Melanoma cells travel through bloodstream Liver Melanoma(initial tumor)

  16. Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

  17. Ways cancer is detected • Imaging • Endoscopy • Biopsy/tissue samples • Blood tests

  18. Ways cancer can be detected • National Screening Programmes • Breast • Cervical • Bowel Prostate does not have a national screening programme but does have a ‘risk management’ programme

  19. Diagnostic testing & Investigations

  20. What is staging?

  21. Staging • Staging describes the extent or severity of a person’s cancer. Staging systems for cancer have evolved over time and continue to change as scientists learn more about cancer. • The TNM staging system is based on the extent of the tumour, it takes into account several factors

  22. Staging • Staging describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the extent of the original (primary) tumour and whether or not cancer has spread in the body. Staging is important for several reasons:

  23. Staging • What are the common elements of staging systems? • Site of the primary tumour • Tumour size and number of tumours. • Lymph node involvement (spread of cancer into lymph nodes). • Cell type and tumour grade (how closely the cancer cells resemble normal tissue cells). • The presence or absence of metastasis.

  24. What is the TNM system? • Primary Tumor (T) • TX Primary tumour cannot be evaluated • T0 No evidence of primary tumour • T is Carcinoma in situ (CIS; abnormal cells are present but have not spread to neighbouring tissue; although not cancer, • CIS may become cancer and is sometimes called pre-invasive cancer) • Size and/or extent of the primary tumour T1, T2, T3, T4 • Regional Lymph Nodes (N) • NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated • N0No regional lymph node involvement • N1, N2, N3 Involvement of regional lymph nodes (number of lymph nodes and/or extent of spread) • Distant Metastasis (M) • MX Distant metastasis cannot be evaluated • M0 No distant metastasis • M1Distant metastasis is present

  25. TNM Staging system

  26. Staging Systems • Most types of cancer have TNM designations, but some do not, e.g. cancers of the brain and spinal cord are staged according to their cell type and grade. • Different staging systems are also used for many cancers of the blood or bone marrow, such as lymphomas. • Ann Arbor staging classification is commonly used to stage lymphomas. • International Staging System (ISS) is commonly used to stage Myeloma • FAB (French American British) classification of ALL/AML(acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/acute myeloid leukaemia) • Binet staging system for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia • However, other cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including most types of leukemia, do not have a clear-cut staging system. • Another staging system, developed by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, is used to stage cancers of the cervix, uterus, ovary, vagina, and vulva.

  27. QUIZ • cancer Created by Karen Across Clues1. cancer of the lower intestine3. dogs may like to do this biopsy4. a camera in the lungs to get a diagnosis6. title for various blood cancers7. a staging system for most cancers8. only men have one of these9. a piece of this is needed to get a diagnosis10. swallow this to get some answers Down Clues2. cancer of the lymphatic system4. a non cancerous tumour is said to be this5. to get pictures of the rear end

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